Enlightenment thinkers challenged traditional government by arguing that people had natural rights and that kings should not have unlimited power., Context A: During the Middle Ages, European education emphasized religious teachings. Later, growing cities, trade, and interest in ancient texts helped create new opportunities for learning., The Renaissance challenged traditional European thinking by promoting humanism and encouraging people to study classical Greek and Roman ideas., Context B: For centuries, many Europeans relied on ancient scholars and religious authorities to explain the natural world. Some traditional explanations had not been tested through experiments., Martin Luther's Reformation challenged the Catholic Church's authority and led to the creation of new Christian denominations., Context C: In the 1600s and 1700s, many European monarchs claimed that their authority came from God. Under absolute monarchy, ordinary people had limited influence over government decisions., The Scientific Revolution transformed Europe by encouraging scientists to use observation and experimentation instead of relying only on traditional explanations., Context D: In the early 1500s, the Catholic Church held great religious influence in Western Europe. Some Christians criticized Church practices, including the sale of indulgences.

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