The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with:, Exposure to promoters, causing dysplasia, Development of defective genes, An irreversible change in the cell DNA, A single exposure to the known risk factor, causing temporary cell change, Somatic pain comes from:, Abdominal organs, Skin, bone, muscle, Sympathetic fibers, Free motor nerves, Pain perceived in the left arm during the course of a heart attack is an example of:, Referred pain, Phantom pain, Chronic pain, Objective pain impulse, The basic physiologic response to stress is the same in all individuals., True, False, Sarcoma is a tumor of the connective tissue., True, False, Short-term stress can cause certain effects in the body. These include:, Decreased oxygen levels, decreased circulation, Increased oxygen levels, increased circulation, Decreased cognitive and short-term memory, Adaptive mechanisms not being used, Drugs that have activity similar to the effects of endorphins and enkephalins are expected to increase pain perception., True, False, Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign tumor?, It is encapsulated and invasive, It consists of undifferentiated cells, It exerts systemic effects, Cells appear relatively normal, Staging describes the extent of a tumor at any given time, based on all of the following except:, Lymph node involvement, Metastasis, Degree of cellular differentiation, Size of tumor, The impulses related to acute pain are usually transmitted by:, Nociceptors, Myelinated A delta fibers, Unmyelinated C fibers, Any sensory fiber with a low pain threshold, What is the term used to describe the degree of pain that is endured before a person takes action?, Pain threshold, Referred pain, Phantom pain, Pain tolerance, Pain is _________., Not a defense mechanism and is subjective, A defense mechanism and is subjective, A simple and well understood topic, Is necessary for all people to experience, Stress is relieved by:, Writing pathophysiology tests, Writing a scholarly paper, Achieving good grades, Health assessment practical tests, What is the role of nociceptors? Nociceptors are:, Pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal, chemical, or physical means, Spinal nerves that conduct impulses from specific areas of the skin, Responsible for the state of arousal with pain, Useful in localizing pain to a specific area of the body, Endorphins are opiate-like blocking agents in the central nervous system., True, False, Which of the following afferent sensory pain fibers is responsible for slower speed of impulse transmission?, Group Ia afferent fibers, Alpha motor neurons, Unmyelinated C fibers, Myelinated A delta fibers, When angiogenesis has occurred, the tumor is usually at a more advanced stage., True, False, Improved function of the heart and brain during a stress response results from:, Glycogenesis and bronchodilation, Bronchodilation and vasoconstriction in the skin and viscera, Bronchodilation and decreased metabolic state, Vasoconstriction in the skin and viscera, and decreased metabolic state, Which of the following normally is not secreted in response to stress?, Norepinephrine, Cortisol, Epinephrine, Insulin, Cells undergoing rapid mitosis: pick the best answer., Require oxygen and nutrients, Are more likely to develop spontaneous DNA mutations, Often produce dysfunctional proteins, Are always malignant, Carcinogenesis is the process of tumor development., True, False, In stressful circumstances, the brain releases which of the following substances to improve mood, reduce pain, and induce sleep?, Prolactins, Oxytocins, Dopamine, Endorphins, Pain is __________?, A subjective experience, that is difficult to measure objectively, Associated with a decrease in blood pressure, Experienced the same way by all people, Always the result of tissue damage, that activates nociceptors, Pain tolerance may be increased by:, Decreased endorphin release, Increased endorphin release, A previous unpleasant experience, Anxiety and depression, Weight loss is a common manifestation of cancer, and is primarily due to:, Carbohydrates and fat metabolism, Damage to body tissue, thereby affecting healing and development, Increased demands placed on the body by reproducing tumor cells, Declining host resistance, altering immune system's ability to fight infections, The fight and flight response is part of which stage of the GAS syndrome?, The maintenance stage, The resistance stage, The recovery stage, The alarm stage, Remission for cancer is generally defined as:, Chemotherapy cannot be used, Signs and symptoms are absent, Complications are evident, Metastasis occurs, The stages of Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are:, Fight stage, maintenance stage, resolution stage, Alarm stage, maintenance stage, recovery stage, Alarm stage, maintenance stage, exhaustion stage, Alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage, In which of the following situations would the stress response be used to prevent blood pressure from dropping too low?, Increased anger during an argument, Writing a final examination, Fear about a medical diagnosis, Internal hemorrhage from injuries in a car accident, Which term refers to the spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to distant sites?, Invasiveness, Seeding, Metastasis, Systemic effect, All of the following are significant stress responses except:, Polyuria, Increased heart rate, Decreased immune response, Elevated blood pressure, Phantom pain is not real pain., True, False, Severe, prolonged stress may cause acute renal failure or stress ulcers to develop, due to:, A deficit of glucose and oxygen in the body, Development of decompensated acidosis, Prolonged vasoconstriction and ischemia, The supply of hormones has been exhausted, Anaplasia is the lack of cell differentiation., True, False, Ibuprofen is classified as an NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug), and is particularly useful in treating:, Severe pain, Pain caused by inflammation, Intracranial pain, Bone pain, A dermatome is an area of the skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single root., True, False, Neoplasms cause all the following except:, Obstructions of passageways, Hormonal imbalances, Viral infections, Nutrient depletion, A malignant tumor is usually encapsulated., True, False, According to gate-control theory, passage of pain impulses may be naturally blocked by:, At the synapse by entry of other sensory impulses, By the stress response, By administration of morphine directly into the spinal cord, By referring the pain to other parts of the body

PATHO TEST 3

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