What is history?, The story of the past based on evidence., What is evidence?, Information that proves or disproves a story about the past., How do sources and evidence help historians?, Sources provide evidence that historians use to write about the past., In the Skibbereen famine example, what is the source and what is the evidence?, The source is the letter. Its details about people’s conditions are the evidence., What is prehistory?, The history of people before writing was invented, based on archaeological evidence., What is a primary source?, A source from the time being studied; it is a first-hand account., What are examples of primary sources?, Original documents, photographs, newspaper reports, diaries, emails, texts, videos, statistics and music from the time., What is a secondary source?, A source created after the time being studied, based on primary or other secondary sources., What are examples of secondary sources?, A later documentary, biography or history textbook about the past., What is the difference between an autobiography and a biography?, An autobiography is a person’s account of their own life. A biography is written about someone else’s life., Why is an autobiography usually a primary source?, It is a first-hand account written by the person whose life is described., Why is a history textbook a secondary source?, It was written later by historians using other sources., Which review examples are primary and which are secondary?, Primary: a Roman general’s own account, a phone video taken at a match, and clothes from the period being studied. Secondary: a later WWII documentary, a 2018 biography of Michael Collins, and a teacher’s story about their grandparents’ childhood., Which sources could be useful when studying World War II?, An autobiography by a general who fought in the war and an interview with someone who lived through it. The interview is useful as first-hand evidence if the person witnessed or remembers events., What are written sources? Give examples., Handwritten or typed sources, such as manuscripts, books, biographies, autobiographies, newspapers and census records., What are visual sources? Give examples., Sources that present a picture, such as photographs, paintings, documentaries, cartoons, drawings and maps., What are aural sources? Give examples., Sources that can be heard, such as recordings, speeches, podcasts and videos., What are oral sources? Give examples., Spoken sources, such as interviews and recordings., What are tactile sources? Give examples., Sources that can be touched, such as artefacts, buildings, monuments, models and reconstructions., What is a census?, A record of a population and details about people, families, businesses, housing or education., What is an archive?, A place or collection that stores mainly written or documentary sources., What is the main archive in Ireland?, The National Archives in Dublin. There are also local archives., What does a museum do?, It collects and stores objects or artefacts for study and display., What is the main museum in Ireland?, The National Museum in Dublin. There are also local museums., What does a library store?, Books, and sometimes local sources, newspapers and photographs., What is the National Library in Dublin known for storing?, Books, newspapers and photographic collections., How can websites help historians?, Museums, archives and libraries use websites to provide digital versions of documents, newspapers and photographs., What are microfilm and microfiche?, Small-film formats used to store copies of sources., How can interviews help historians?, Historians can interview people who witnessed or took part in recent events, or use recordings of past interviews., What is the main difference between an archive and a museum?, An archive mainly stores written records; a museum mainly collects and displays objects and artefacts., What is a fact?, Something that happened or can be proved with evidence., What is an opinion?, What someone thinks about what happened., Which are facts and which are opinions: “The GAA organises Gaelic football and hurling”; “Ireland is the best country in the world”; “The Republic of Ireland is a member of the EU”?, Facts: the GAA statement and the EU statement. Opinion: “Ireland is the best country in the world.”, What is an objective viewpoint?, A viewpoint based on facts and evidence., What is a subjective viewpoint?, A viewpoint influenced by personal feelings or opinions., What is a perspective?, A person’s point of view., What can influence a historian’s perspective?, Their gender, beliefs, values and interests., What is bias?, Unfairly favouring one side over another., Which examples show bias: a match account that only favours your team; a life story that includes only good points; liking a social media post?, The match account and one-sided life story show bias. Liking a post alone shows a preference, but is not by itself a biased historical account., What is propaganda?, Information created to influence people’s opinions or persuade them to support a cause or believe something., How can a propaganda poster persuade people?, Through its images, symbols, words, slogans and colours., What was the Uncle Sam “I WANT YOU” poster trying to persuade people to do?, Join the US Army., What is a historian’s interpretation?, Their description and analysis of the past, based on evidence., Why can historians give different interpretations of the same event?, They may use different sources or have different perspectives., What can make a source inaccurate?, An eyewitness or participant may exaggerate or remember events incorrectly., What does it mean to cross-check sources?, Compare information from different sources to see whether it is accurate., Why might historians revise an interpretation?, New sources may become available., What is a reliable source?, A source whose information can be trusted as accurate and true., What should you ask when judging a primary source?, Was the author a witness? Could the author be biased? How does it compare with other sources?, What should you ask when judging a secondary source?, Is the author an expert? Is the account balanced? How does it compare with other sources?, What should you ask when judging a photograph?, Could it have been changed or photoshopped? Is the photographer or publisher reliable?, What is a useful source?, A source that provides information relevant to the topic being researched., What questions help you judge a source’s usefulness?, Is it relevant? Is it primary or secondary? What is the author’s viewpoint? Is it biased? How does it compare with other sources?, What is a conspiracy theory?, A belief that events are secretly controlled by hidden plots or powerful groups, often based on speculation or selective information., How is a conspiracy theory different from a historian’s interpretation?, An interpretation is based on evidence; a conspiracy theory relies on speculation and claims of a hidden plot., What is fake news?, A deliberately false or misleading story presented as news., Match each description to the correct term: putting events in time order; feelings influencing an account; comparing sources; a historian’s description of the past; a point of view; an account based on facts., Chronology; subjective; cross-check; interpretation; perspective; objective., What do AI language models and chatbots do?, They process large amounts of data and use algorithms to identify patterns, make predictions and help with tasks such as answering questions, writing and learning. They can make mistakes., What are advantages of AI for historical research?, It can process lots of texts and images quickly, identify patterns historians may miss, and translate older documents., What are disadvantages of AI for historical research?, It may use biased or unreliable sources, reflect modern bias, miss the wider context or make mistakes., What is archaeology?, The study of the past through objects, buildings and other remains., What is an artefact?, An object made by people., What is an excavation?, Carefully digging at a site to uncover remains from the past., What is conservation?, Protecting and preserving historical sources and artefacts., What is chronology?, The study of time and dates., What does chronological order mean?, Putting events in the order they happened, starting with the earliest., Why is chronology useful to historians?, It puts events in order and can help explain how and why they happened., What is a timeline?, A line or graph showing dates and events in chronological order., How many years are in a decade?, 10 years., How many years are in a century?, 100 years., What is an age or era?, A period marked by a distinctive feature, such as the Stone Age or the Computer Age., What does BC mean?, Before Christ., What does AD mean?, Anno Domini, meaning “after the birth of Christ”., What do BCE and CE mean?, BCE means “Before Common Era”; CE means “Common Era”. They are alternatives to BC and AD., How do you work out the century of a year?, Cover the last two digits and add 1 to the remaining number., Which centuries are 1066 AD, 1921 AD and 500 BC in?, 1066 AD: 11th century; 1921 AD: 20th century; 500 BC: 6th century BC., Which century is 244 BC in?, The 3rd century BC, which ran from 299 BC to 200 BC., Which is earlier: 200 BC or 299 BC?, 299 BC. In BC dates, the larger number is further back in time., Which is earlier: 96 BC or 90 AD?, 96 BC, because BC dates come before AD dates., Which century is 2022 in?, The 21st century.

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