Islam emerged in Arabia in the early 7th century. The Muslim community grew under the leadership of Prophet Muhammad., The first caliphs led the Muslim community after Muhammad's death. Muslim rule expanded beyond much of Arabia., The Islamic empire expanded across North Africa, the Middle East and into parts of Europe, connecting diverse regions., The Abbasids established a new period of rule and made Baghdad their capital in 762., Baghdad grew as a political, commercial and intellectual centre, attracting merchants, scholars and skilled workers., Scholars translated and studied works from Greek, Persian, Indian and other traditions, often building on earlier knowledge., Scholars including al-Khwarizmi helped develop algebra and spread mathematical methods that influenced later learning., Astronomers observed celestial objects, improved astronomical tables and instruments, and developed earlier knowledge., Trade, travel, translation and education helped circulate scientific and mathematical ideas between regions., Mongol forces captured Baghdad. Scholarly traditions and scientific ideas continued to develop in other centres across the wider world.

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