Epidermis - Outermost layer of the skin, Dermis - Middle layer of the skin, divided in to two parts, papillary and reticular layer., Subcutaneous Layer - Comprised of fat cells. , Stratum Corneum - The outermost layer of the skin which you can see and touch. Skin cells are hard and flat in this layer. Skin cells are dead in this layer. The thickness of this layer increases as we age. Contains lipids which include ceramides to lubricate the surface and prevent water loss and entry of water soluble substances., Stratum Lucidum - A clear layer of transparent cells. This layer controls the amount of water passing through the skin. , Stratum Granulosum - Cells in this layer begin to die. Cells become flattened as keratinization takes place. , Stratum Spinosum - Keratin production begins in this layer. The cells have connection threads giving this layer a prickly appearance. , Stratum Germinativum - Deepest layer of the epidermis. Mitosis occurs in this layer and cells are constantly dividing. Melanin responsible for skin colour is found in this layer. , Papillary layer - Loose connective tissue makes up this layer. The surface is covered in tiny projections called papillae which fit into the underside of the dermis forming a bond. This layer is rich with mast cells., Reticular layer - Made up of thick connective tissue which holds the structures and appendages in place. Rich with fibroblast cells which generate collagen and elastin. This layer connect the dermis to the hypodermis., Apocrine Glands - Sudoriferous glands found underneath the arms and in the groin area., Eccrine glands - Sudoriferous glands found all over the body. Secrete sweat to cool the body., Sebaceous glands - Produce a lipid called sebum to lubricate the surface of the skin and prevent the build up of bacteria., Arrector pili muscle - Tiny muscle attached to the hair follicle. When they contract they pull the hair upright and cause goosebumps. Respond to cold and fear. Air is trapped close to the skin to keep the body warm., Dermal papilla - Nourishes the hair follicle., Matrix - Produces new hair bulb., Free nerve ending - Detect temperature and pain, Blood vessels - Vasodilation, vasoconstriction,

Appendages and layers of the skin

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