Early educational research tended to focus on ____ and was linked to concerns about the way that schools ____ and categorised children according to their perceived ability. Both Hargreaves (1967) and Lacey (1970) criticised ____ ideas that suggested schools created shared norms and values by pointing out that children labelled as school failures actually gained high status from flouting school rules. ____ carried out a detailed study of twelve boys in school in the West Midlands. His conclusion was that the lads deliberately chose to be ____ and this contributed to their class ____ in work because they were likely to remain in low ____, low pay work.

school and youth cultures

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