1) According to Bennett and Hetherington, class, ethnicity, gender and social experiences are ________ in cultural terms for young people. a) irrelevant b) relevant c) important d) crucial e) paramount f) ideal 2) Much of the cultural work of the 80s and 90s was into ________ which formed in cities such as Manchester and Newcastle. a) culture clubs b) club cultures c) punk cultures d) mod cultures e) goth cultures f) emo cultures 3) ________ were more interested in dance than anything more substantial in terms of politics or meaning. a) Mods b) Goths c) Punks d) Clubbers e) Skinheads f) Rockers 4) ________ found that clubbers in the 90s might be binge drinkers or leisure drug using at the weekends, but would slip back into boring predictability on Monday when they went to work. a) Bennett b) Hetherington c) Polhemus d) Maffesoli e) Reimer f) Kahane  5) ________ share consumer choices, and have a similar state of mind and lifestyle. They are united by shared tastes and styles. a) Punks b) Teddy boys c) Mods d) Neo-tribes e) Goths f) Skinheads 6) Hetherington (1998) found that New Age travellers shared _______ convictions rather than social class background. They can therefore be classed as a neo-tribe. a) moral b) cultural c) social d) spiritual e) political f) religious 7) Luke and Luke suggest that cultural influences are ________ and cite the significance of American culture on young people around the world i.e., McDonalds a) global b) regional c) national d) transnational e) multinational f) community 8) Research into ‘club cultures’ of the late 1980s and 1990s, was largely carried out by the MIPS (__________). a) Modernism Institute of Postmodern Culture b) Meaning and Invention in Popular Culture c) Middlesex Institute of Primary Culture d) Medway Institure of Postmodern Culture e) Mansfield Institute for People Consumerism f) Manchester Institute of Popular Culture 9) _________ (1996) argues that group identities are no longer formed along traditional social lines such as gender or class, but that young people ‘flit’ from tribe to tribe a) Polhemus b) Bennett c) Hetherington d) Redhead e) Maffesoli f) Reimer 10) A young person can be part of more than one neo-tribe simultaneously. Neo-tribes are used to satisfy _______ needs. a) community b) societies c) regional d) national e) global f) individual 11) Bennett (1999) supports the idea of neo-tribes through his research in nightclubs in ________. Individuals mixed and matched influences and did not define themselves as members of any particular group. a) Liverpool b) Cirencester c) Swindon d) Newcastle e) Manchester f) London 12) _________ (1994) also develops this ‘fluidity’ idea and writes about ‘supermarket of style’, in which youths can create identities by picking and mixing from various cultures, fashions, lifestyles and music. a) Polhemus b) Maffesoli c) Bennett d) Redhead e) Kahane f) Gramsci 13) Polhemus argues that all of the choices available today mean that commitment to any one style is less common, and young people are reluctant to give themselves _______. a) breaks b) chances c) choices d) labels e) opportunities f) careers 14) Criticism of Postmodernism: The mixed-up, fluid world of neo-tribes in which everyone is _______ is not true for many groups of young people, who may still divide themselves clearly on gender or ethnic lines. a) unequal b) equal c) chilled d) classless e) ageless f) having it large 15) Criticism of Postmodernism: there are still _________ and protest-driven subcultures today, some much more overt than the subculture of the 1960s – for example, eco, BLM, and anti-capitalist groups. a) oppositional b) revolutionary c) mainstream d) anti-modernist e) consensus f) agreement 16) St John (2003) discusses ‘post-race _________’, groups of young people often brought together through music festivals and social media who follow ideals such as social justice, green politics and human rights a) technotribes b) subcultures c) cultures d) social groups e) punks f) goths 17) Is a term coined by Polhemus (1994) to describe the way that modern young people can choose between a range of style tribes. a) Style Stores b) Postmodern Londis c) click and shop identity d) mini-Tesco tribes e) supermarket of style f) pick 'n' mix store 18) Criticism of Postmodernism: Chatterton and Hollands (2002) argue that neo-tribes do not exist. Most young people go to clubs and bars, where they follow mainstream cultural ______.  a) norms b) values c) politics d) fashions e) styles f) music 19) Criticisms of Postmodernism: ________ would argue that youth cultures are very relevant because they reflect class divisions in society. a) Functionalist b) Marxist c) Interactionist d) Feminist e) New Right f) Liberalism 20) Criticism of Postmodernism: Young people seem to form social groupings and styles based on class groupings (______ or emos) or on the basis of ethnicity. a) chavs b) punks c) Teddy boys d) Skinheads e) Rockers f) Mods

Postmodernism and youth cultures

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