1) NWP QPF are used within FFGS to compute: a) FMAP, FFFT, PFFT and IFFT b) FMAP, FFFT and FFR c) FMAP, Megerd MAP, FFFT and FFR 2) Convective systems are well captured by NWP models, especially in the tropics a) True b) False 3) Large scale synoptic features are well captured by NWP models a) True b) False 4) The FFGS takes into account and make corrections for QPF biases before performing System Calcualtions a) True b) False c) If appropriate data is provided to System 5) Data assimilation refers to: a) Relating model outputs to historical observations b) Making a prediction of future atmospheric state c) Ingest of observations to adjust model states 6) NWP models produce forecasts, but these models are limited by: a) incorrect parameterization schemes b) limited spatial resolution  c) limited observations d) All of the above 7) What are the 3 ingredients for deep, moist convection? a) Mesoscale lift b) Steep lapse rates c) Low-level moisture d) Showalter or Lifted Index < 0 e) Increasing positive vorticity advection with height f) CAPE 8) Which of these areas will improve NWP models in the future? Choose the best answer. a) Observing systems b) Data assimilation c) Accessibility and training d) All of the above 9) Which of the following is mesoscale in size and time: a) Mid-latitude cyclone b) Jet stream c) Thunderstorm d) Squall line 10) What type of thunderstorms typically lasts the longest? a) Single-cell thunderstorms  b) Mesoscale convective system (MCS)  c) Supercells  d) They all last about the same amount of time 11) Instability can generally increase due to: a) Surface cold front passage b) Daytime heating c) Boundary layer inversion intensification d) Dry punch into boundary layer 12) The forecast models have the most difficult time resolving this feature: a) Mid-latitude cyclones b) Mountains c) The jet stream d) Mid-latitude anti-cyclones 13) The side of a mountain range that has upslope wind and is more likely to have clouds and precipitation is the ____________ side. a) Windward b) Leeward 14) Strong mesoscale upward forcing will occur where: a) Low level winds diverge b) Two low level convergence boundaries intersect c) Frontolysis occurs d) The temperature and moisture gradient are reduced 15) The tendency for a forecast model to make the same mistake each time similar weather conditions set-up for a particular region is termed a model: a) Deviation b) Error c) Bias d) Mistake 16) The ___________ pressure systems tend to cover a larger spatial area. a) High b) Low 17) Rain can not occur if instability is not present. a) True b) False 18) A ridge is a region of ____________ and _____________. a) Higher heights and warmer temperatures b) Higher heights and colder temperatures c) Lower heights and warmer temperatures d) Lower heights and colder temperatures 19) Air will __________________ along frontal boundaries. a) Diverge b) Converge 20) As more precision in time and space for a forecast is required below the synoptic scale, forecast models tend to become: a) More accurate b) Less accurate 21) (Statement 1) Two different forecasters can draw very different conclusions from the same forecast data. (Statement 2) It is important to communicate the forecast completely, coherently and correctly. a) Statement 1 and Statement 2 are both false b) Statement 1 and Statement 2 are both true c) Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false d) Statement 1 is false and Statement 2 is true 22) A bow echo is produced by: a) Storms developing along a cold front b) A line of storms encountering abundant moisture c) Strong winds aloft entering the backing side of a squall line d) The merging of two supercells 23) This on radar indicates a flooding potential: a) Consistently heavy rain b) Training of storms c) Very intense slow moving thunderstorms d) d. All of the above 24) All of the following will exacerbate the flash flood potential except: a) Snow melt b) Dense vegetation c) Saturated soil d) Training of thunderstorms 25) What is a trigger mechanism? a) It is a process that prevents precipitation or storms from occurring b) It is a sounding that has a region of positive CAPE c) It is any process that initiates precipitation or storm development d) It is in reference to Omega forcing from either low level divergence or upper level convergence 26) Higher CIN values, ___ the likelihood of convective storms. a) lower b) higher 27) CAPE is used to assess (Choose the best answer): a) Hail potential b) Thunderstorm potential c) Updraft strength d) All of the above 28) Instability release in a thundersnow situation usually occurs from: a) Surface based convection b) Dynamic lifting c) Fronts d) Elevated convection 29) The difference between stratiform and convective precipitation is: a) Instability release b) Forced lifting c) Warm moist air in the lower troposphere d) Wind shear

FFGS & Weather Forecasting

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