response elements - bind proteins that are produced under certain cell conditions (4 kinds), small interfering and micro RNAs - gene expression, control which proteins are made, Structural Motifs - proteins that affect transcription by binding to DNA , Helix-Turn-Helix - binds to the major groove by H-bonds between amino acids and DNA, Zinc Finger - 2 cysteines and 2 histidines 12 AA's later and zinc binds to the repeats, Leucine Zipper - 1/2 the protein is made of basic AA's and 1/2 the protein is made of leucine on one side, forming a hydrophobic pocket, mRNA 5'cap - 5'-5' triphosphate linkage and the 2 hydroxyl is methylated, splicing - removing introns from exons via a spliceosome, inosine - uncommon nucleoside that works in wobble and can bind to A, C, and U, wobble - occurs in the 3rd position of a codon where the normal base pair rules don't apply, tRNA - uses its anticodon to bring in an amino acid and attach it to the polypeptide chain, codon - a 3 base long section of mRNA that codes for a specific AA,

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