Era #1 (1491-1607): Colonization in the New World was mainly Spanish., Spain focused on finding wealth and converting Natives, The Columbian Exchange opened up trade between the Old World and New World., Native Americans mixed agriculture and hunter-gatherer settlements., Native populations were wiped out by epidemic diseases., Spanish developed the encomienda system, utilizing Native American labor on plantations., A caste system in the New World placed Europeans at the top., The Spanish treatment of Natives was criticized, leading to the development of the Black Legend., Era #2 (1607-1754): The English settled Jamestown and faced immediate challenges., The Chesapeake colonies focused on gold as a cash crop., The Puritans settled the New England colonies., The Middle Colonies were more diverse and tolerant., The system of triangular trade connected the Americas, Europe, and Africa., Britain pursued mercantilist policies, , Metacom's War was a conflict between the British colonists and Native Americans over land and resources., A strict racial system emerged in the southern colonies, Era #3 (1754-1800): Britain increased control and taxes on the colonies to pay back debts from the Seven Years' War.., The ideas of the Enlightenment (natural rights, social contract) influenced colonial calls for independence., The ideal of republican motherhood called on women to teach republican values in the home., The Articles of Confederation reflected fear of a strong central government., The Northwest Ordinance banned slavery in the area that would become Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan., Major sources of debate at the Constitutional Convention included representative for slave states and the power of small and large states., Federalists and Anti-Federalists debated the power of the federal government., George Washington warned about political factions and the danger of foreign alliances., Era #4 (1800-1848): The Supreme Court asserted the power of the judicial branch by asserting judicial review and the power of federal laws over state laws., The Missouri Compromise attempted to address the growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery., The government attempted to unify the U.S. economy with the American System., The Monroe Doctrine attempted to establish spheres of influence for the United States., Increased industrialization and manufacturing led to the Market Revolution, a revolution in production and commerce., The property qualification for voting was abandoned and all adult white men could vote., The Democrats and the Whigs argued about the powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank., The Second Great Awakening and voluntary reform organizations encouraged a greater role for individuals in enacting change., Era #5 (1844-1877): Victory in the Mexican-American War led to questions about slavery in the newly acquired territories., Sectionalism increased the division between the North and the South, primarily based on economic reasons., The Free-Soil Party opposed the expansion of slavery., The Kansas-Nebraska Act attempted to resolve the debate over slavery in the territories by introducing popular sovereignty., With the election of Abraham Lincoln, the southern states seceded from the Union., The 13th amendment abolished slavery and the 14th amendment granted citizenship rights., Freed slaves in the south were unable to seek land ownership and were limited by tenant farming and sharecropping., The Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction and returned power in the south to the Democrats.,

APUSH Exam: Chronology (Eras #1-5)

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