Metabolism - The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body, Catalyst  - They speed up the chemical reactions but without being used up in the reaction itself. , Enzyme  - A biological catalyst. They speed up the chemical reactions but without being used up in the reaction itself. , Structure of Enzymes - Made from amino acids , Substrate - The substance changed by enzyme , Product - The substance(s) that the enzyme forms , Catabolic - reactions that break down large molecules into smaller ones. Energy is released., Example of Catabolic Reaction  - Amylase converts starch to maltose , Anabolic - reactions that join small molecules together to form larger molecules. Energy is needed , Example of Anabolic Reaction - DNA Polymerase forms and repairs DNA , Factors that alter the rate of reaction - Temperature, pH, enzyme/substrate concentration, Optimum pH or temperature - The pH or temperature at at which an enzyme works best , Denatured - Loss of enzyme function due to change in shape caused by heat or pH, Optimum temperature for human enzymes - 37°C, Optimum temperature for plant enzymes  - 20-30 °C , Optimum pH for enzymes to work - pH 7 , Example of enzyme that has a different pH - Pepsin, stomach, optimum pH:2 , Inhibitors - Attach to enzymes and destroy their shape, Beneficial Inhibitors  - Insecticides affect enzymes in insects causing their death, Bioprocessing - The use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product, Immobilised Enzymes - Enzymes are fixed or attached to each other or an inert substance and used repeatedly , Sodium Alginate - Chemical used to immobilise enzymes , Bioreactors - Huge vessels/vats of immobilised enzymes in gel beads. Used in industry., Advantages of Immobilised Enzymes - can be reused (cuts costs), Uses of Immobilised Enzymes - change glucose to fructose, Activation energy - The energy needed to start a chemical reaction, Buffer  - A substance that maintains a constant pH in a solution, Active Site - the part of the enzyme that combines with the substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex. Then product is formed.,

LC Biology - Enzyme Definitions

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