Petrarch, Italian humanist who referred to the Middle Ages as the "Dark Ages", Clovis, First leader of the Franks, Charles Martle, prevented the Muslims from expanding west during Battle of Tours, Charlemagne, crowned emperor by the Pope, Middle Ages, Period of time between Classical Period (Greece & Rome) and Renaissance, disrupted trade, characteristic of middle ages: Merchants faced invasions from land and sea, decline in learning, characteristic of middle ages: Germanic invaders who stormed Rome could not read or write, population shift, characteristic of middle ages: romans moved to rural areas

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