What is meant by homeostasis? - Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment through the negative feedback control loop., What are hormones? - Hormones are chemical substances that are produced in minute quantities by endocrine glands. They are secreted directed into the bloodstream and transported to the target organs where they exert their effects. After the hormone has exerted its effect, it is transported to the liver to be broken down. , What are the principles of homeostasis? - Homeostasis occurs through the negative feedback control loop. For any condition of the internal environment, there is a set point at which the condition is maintained. A change in this internal condition beyond the normal limits is the stimulus that initiates the negative feedback process. A receptor detects the change and sends signals to the control centre that initiates the corrective mechanism. The corrective mechanism then brings the condition back to within its normal limits, which then signals the corrective mechanism to stop., What is the function of ADH? - ADH increases the permeability of the walls of the collecting duct to water., What are the effects of insulin? - Insulin increases the uptake of glucose by liver cells and muscle cells, increases the rate of respiration of liver cells and muscle cells, and stimulates the liver cell and muscle cell to convert excess glucose to glycogen., What are the effects of glucagon? - Glucagon stimulates the liver cell to convert glycogen to glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream., What is the receptor involved in blood glucose concentration regulation? - The islets of Langerhans of the pancreas., What is the receptor involved in blood water potential regulation? - The hypothalamus., What are the receptors involved in body temperature regulation? - Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus and in the skin., What are the risk factors involved in type II diabetes mellitus? - 1. Having a diet high in bad cholesterol and fats; 2. Being obese; 3. Old age; 4. Having a family history of diabetes; 5. Having a sedentary lifestyle, What is an endocrine gland? - An endocrine gland is a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. An example is the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas that secretes insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream., What is an exocrine gland? - An exocrine gland is a gland that have a duct to carry away the secretions. An example is the salivary gland in the mouth that secretes saliva which is transported to the oral cavity via the salivary ducts., What is the role of muscular walls of skin arterioles in thermoregulation? - When the muscles in the skin arterioles contract, the arterioles constrict, sending less blood to the skin capillaries. Less heat is lost from the skin surface via conduction, convection and radiation. When muscles in the skin arterioles relax, the arterioles dilate, sending more blood to the skin capillaries. More heat is lost from the skin surface via conduction, convection and radiation., What is the role of sweat glands in thermoregulation? - Sweat glands secrete sweat. When water in sweat evaporates, latent heat is removed, causing body temperature to decrease. As such, sweat glands secrete more sweat when body temperature increases, vice versa., How is the thermoregulatory response in humans triggered? - Thermoreceptors in the skin detect a change in the temperature of the environment, sending nerve impulses to the hypothalamus. At the same time, the hypothalamus has thermoreceptors that detect changes to blood temperature. The hypothalamus then sends nerve impulses to muscles and sweat glands to initiate the corrective mechanism.,

Homeostasis and Hormonal Control - Flash Cards

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