quartiles, the values that divide a number set into four quarters, median, a measure of the centre of a data set (the 'middle value'), determined by placing the data in ascending order and finding the middle number of the ordered set if there is an odd number of values and the average of the two middle numbers if there is an even number of values, upper quartile, the median of the upper half of of an ordered set of data, denoted by Q3, lower quartile, the median of the first half or lower half of ordered data, denoted by Q1, five-number summary, five pieces of information related to a set of data: minimum value, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum value, range, a measure of spread determined by finding the difference between the highest value and lowest value of a data set, interquartile range (IQR), a measure of spread for a set of data calculated by subtracting the lower quartile from the upper quartile. IQR = Q3 - Q1. The interquartile range indicates the spread or range of the middle 50% of the data, outlier, extreme piece of data that is much higher or lower than the rest of the data in the data set, box plot, also known as box-and-whisker plot. visual representation showing the five number summary of a data set along a number line. The box represents the middle 50% of ordered data with vertical lines indicating the first quartile, median and third quartile. The 'whiskers' extend from the box to the left and right to indicate the maximum and minimum value., lower fence, the lower end point in a set of data beyond which any lower data points are considered outliers. Lower fence is 1.5 x IQR below the lower quartile, upper fence, the upper end point in a set of data beyond which any greater data points are considered outliers. The upper fence is 1.5 x IQR above the upper quartile, parallel box plot, two or more box plots placed directly above each other on the same number line for comparison, symmetrical distributions, having similar distributions of frequencies either side of a central peak, histogram, a graphical display of data using bars or columns of different heights, similar to a bar chart, but showing the frequency of continuous data grouped into ranges or class intervals, with the horizontal scale boundaries located at the edges of the column, rather than at their centres., skewed, a description of a data set in which data points are clustered to the left or the right of the distribution unlike a symmetrical normal distribution, positively skewed, the description of a distribution that is skewed away from the symmetrical normal distribution having a tail to the upper end of the distribution (the right of the distribution when graphed). The mean of this type of distribution would be more than the median., negative skewed, the description of a distribution that is skewed away from what would be the symmetrical normal distribution, having a tail to the lower end of the distribution (which is the left of the distribution when graphed). The mean of this type of distribution would be less than the median., spread, a statistic describing how widely the data values in a set are distributed. Measures of spread include the range and interquartile range., cumulative frequency, for any frequency distribution, this is the sum of all the frequencies up to the current point. Cumulative frequency can be displayed in a table or on a graph., ogive, also known as cumulative frequency polygon. A graph of a cumulative distribution, displaying data values or class intervals on the horizontal axis and the cumulative frequencies on the vertical axis, population, the complete set of individuals or things that statistical information is being sought about, sample, a subset of a population. In statistical investigation data, this type of small selection from a population is a sometimes used to represent the whole population., mean, a measure of the centre of a data set, calculated by adding all of the data values together and dividing by the number of values, standard deviation, a measure of spread representing the difference between the individual data values and the mean of the data set

Statistics Part 1

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