How do factors such as geography, income, and government policy influence who has access to reliable internet and modern computing devices?, Rural regions usually lack broad infrastructure, low-income families are not usually able to afford modern technology and internet, and public policies can ban or limit access, Older people don’t know how to use computers, so companies don’t offer service in areas populated by older people, Geography and income does not affect the digital divide; internet access is equal everywhere, Private companies decide who has access to the internet, while the government has no control over the people, What are some common examples of crowdsourcing in everyday life?, Contributing to Wikipedia, Watching Netflix, Hiring a freelancer, Playing Roblox, What does it mean to compute safely in an abstract sense regardless of device or platform?, Using the fastest possible processor to minimize computation time, Making sure only one user can access a system at a time, Ensuring confidently, integrity, and availability of data and processes, Installing antivirus software on all computers, Which of the following is an example of computing bias?, A search engine showing results in alphabetical order, A loan approval system is denying applications mostly from one neighborhood due to biased opinions, A computer automatically updating its software, A calculator giving the wrong answer, How does the digital divide affect students’ ability to learn computer science?, There is no connection between those with free internet access and those without it., Students without access to consistent internet struggle to complete assignments in time, practice coding, and access online resources to further their knowledge over topics, Digital divide helps students by forcing them to use paper, which is the most effective way to learn computer science, Students with limited access to the internet are able to “figure something out.”, How does crowdsourcing impact traditional employment?, It increases wages, It can replace full time positions, It increases office work, It eliminates online work, How can abstraction help us identify security vulnerabilities in computing systems before they are implemented?, By focusing only on physical hardware, By modeling system behaviors and interactions without needing full implementation, By analyzing user interface design choices, By optimizing code for performance, What is the main cause of bias in machines?, The computer’s hardware, The randomness of algorithms, The data used to train the model, The programming language, How does the digital divide differ between developed and developing countries?, Developing countries have as much access to technology as developed countries, Developing countries has as much, if not better, access to digital devices, Developed countries tend to have faster speeds, lower costs, and an abundance in devices, The digital divide is not real and allows for developed countries to have less access to technology, What’s an advantage of crowdsourcing?, Guaranteed results, No supervision necessary, High employee retention, Access to diverse input at low cost, In what ways can privacy be considered an abstract property of a computing system?, It depends only on encryption algorithms used, It can be guaranteed by user agreements alone, It represents a system-level goal to limit unauthorized access to personal data, It is a feature only relevant to government systems, A hiring algorithm favors male candidates because of past hiring data. This is an example of, Random error, Human bias influencing data, Fairness in computing, A software bug, Does race, gender, and socioeconomic status have a play in access to technology and computing careers?, Social factors matter only in entertainment technology, not in education of career opportunities, Yes, inequalities exist between racial groups, gender, and lower-income communities have less access to quality education, limiting their participation in tech jobs, Race and gender do not play a role but socioeconomic status does play a part, No, race, gender, and socioeconomic status have no impact on access to technology and computing careers, Why might crowdsourcing not always be reliable?, It’s illegal, It’s only used for science, It always involves professionals, It can lack accuracy, What enabled the rapid growth of crowdsourcing?, Government funding, Print advertising, Rise of the Internet, Outsourcing companies, Why is it important to separate functionality from security in the abstract design of computing systems?, So developers can focus only on features and ignore security, To allow independent analysis and enforcement of security without compromising functionality, Because security is always handled by external software, To make systems easier to hack for testing purposes, Which of the following is a way to reduce computing bias?, Ignoring unrepresented groups, Using only one data set, Removing all data before training, Collecting more diverse and representative data, What are effective ways to narrow the digital divide?, Asking everyone to buy expensive new devices is the best way to narrow the digital divide, Limiting internet access to those who are less fortunate so that they can catch up, Waiting for technology to become naturally available everywhere is the fastest and most effective way to narrow the digital divide, Expanding affordable broadband, distributing low-cost options to lower-income parts of the world, training teachers, and hold Wi-Fi projects to close gaps in access and skill, How can the principle of least privilege be represented as an abstraction in system design?, Allowing users to access everything but warning them about risks, Defining access control policies that limit each user to only what they need, Giving administrators full access to all data at all times, Removing authentication mechanisms to simplify design, Why is Computing bias a concern?, It can cause unfair disadvantages to certain groups of people, It makes computers run slower, It increases the cost of hardware, It prevents users from installing apps

Abstraction - Group Project

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