What was "mumia" in 15th-century Europe?, Mumia was a brown powder made from ground-up mummified human flesh, believed to cure epilepsy, hemorrhage, bruising, nausea, and other ailments., How was mumia consumed?, It could be mixed into drinks, made into salves, or eaten directly., How long did medicinal cannibalism last in Europe?, It lasted for hundreds of years and was still listed in the Merck Index medical encyclopedia into the 20th century., Besides mumia, what other human-based remedies were used in Europe?, Remedies included blood (for epilepsy), human liver, gall stones, oil from human brains, and pulverized hearts., Where does the word "cannibal" come from?, It originated from Christopher Columbus’s reports about the Caribs, a group rumored to eat human flesh., How did "Carib" transform into "cannibal"?, The word evolved from "Carib" → "Canibe" → "Cannibal.", Why did Queen Isabella allow enslavement of certain people?, She permitted capturing and enslaving anyone who ate human flesh, based on Columbus’s reports., How did Columbus use the word "Caribe"?, He began labeling resistant islanders as "Caribe" to justify plundering and kidnapping., What are the main reasons cannibalism has occurred across cultures?, Survival during famine or siege, medicinal practices, filial piety, and funerary rituals., What is survival cannibalism?, Eating the bodies of the dead in extreme situations like famine, sieges, or expeditions to avoid starvation., What is filial cannibalism?, A Chinese practice where sons or daughters offered pieces of their own flesh (usually thigh or finger) to sick parents as a healing sacrifice., What is funerary cannibalism?, The ritual consumption of the dead by community members, such as among the Fore people of New Guinea., What disease spread among the Fore people due to funerary cannibalism?, Kuru, a fatal neurodegenerative disease., Why is it difficult to know the full history of cultural cannibalism?, Because much of the history is based on rumors, false accounts, and gaps in evidence, though some practices are verifiable., What does the history of cannibalism show us overall?, That cannibalism has taken many forms, sometimes voluntary or ritualistic, and accusations of it have often been used politically or culturally to dehumanize others.

CANNIBALISM

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