the nominalization of the verb to feel, Feelings, meant to feel, hear or smell., “sentire”, He would argue that the function of reason is to rule the appetites and emotions., Plato, He held that the mind or the intellect, which is the highest level of the soul, is that immortal part of the soul that gives a man the capacity for truth and wisdom., Plato, Three Components of the Soul, Rational,Spirited,Appetitive, Upheld that the human person must be able to learn to control his passion with reason in order to live a moral life., Stoics, He believed virtue in conformity to reason., David Hume, for him, the central fact about ethics is that moral judgement are formed not by reason alone but through feelings or emotions., David Hume, An American philosopher that believes that morality must be rooted not in feelings or emotions because that will make morality subjective., Thomas Nagel, basis or motive for an action, Reason, the idea that each individual’s interest and point of view are equally important, Impartiality, The 7-step Moral Reasoning Mode, Gather Facts, Determine the Issues, Determine what Principle/virtues have a bearing on the case, List the alternatives, Compare the alternatives with the virtues/principles, Consider consequences, Make a decission, ability of the mind to think, understand, and form judgement., Reason, it is not about what things are good and what are things are bad. It does not tell how we should live or what moral norms we should practice. Instead, it is a theory about the nature or moral judgement, Ethical Subjectivism, most popular form of non-cognitivism, claims that ethical sentences do not convey authentic propositions., Emotivism, is something that one acquires as he studies, Knowledge, According to who?,Reason is the power of producing into oneness, by means of understandable theories, the concepts that are provided by intellect or the mind., Immanuel Kant, According to?,Reason is not heard directly today while man is living in this world that reason which gives a prior principles Kant calls “Pure Reason”., Thomas Aquinas, a good will is also a force to pursue what one possesses in mind., Will, He said that the person is nothing he/she starts making decisions., Jean Paul Sartre, is a structured set of statements used to explain (or predict) a set of facts or concepts., Theory, a theory of how we determine right and wrong conduct, Moral theory, is where right or wrong are determined by what you think is right or wrong., Moral Subjectivism, right and wrong is determined by the particular set of principles or rules relevant to the culture, Cultural Relativism, right and wrong is determined by what is in your self-interest., Ethical Egoism, right and wrong comes from the commands of God, Divine Command Theory, the principles of right and wrong are those which everyone on society would agree upon forming a social contract., Contractarianism, He believed in excellence of Philosophical contemplation and virtuous actions stemming from virtuous persons., Aristotle, He believed that organisms continually moved from imperfect to perfect states in a teleological development., Aristotle, Happiness is the highest good and the end at which all our activities ultimately aim., Virtue as Habit, “Happiness depends on ourselves”. Aristotle enshrines happiness as a central purpose of human life and a goal itself., Happiness as Virtue, Italian Dominican friar, Catholic Priest, and Doctor of the church. He is also known as the Doctor Angelicus and the Doctor Communis., St. Thomas Aquinas, it refers to a type of moral theory, as well as to a type of legal theory, but the core claims of the two kinds of theory are logically independent, Natural law, the moral standards that govern human behavior are objectively derived from the nature of human beings and the nature of the world., natural law moral theory, the authority of legal standards necessarily derives from consideration having to do with the moral merit of those standards., natural law legal theory, meaning to lead a good and virtuous life., eudaimonia, refers to “obligation, duty”, which is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on rules., Deontology, ‘What is it that makes an action right or wrong?’, Normative Theory, also known as “duty ethics” as Kantianism focuses on ‘duty’ rather than ‘consequences’., Deontological Theory, the moral person is a rational self-legislator, Personal Autonomy, person should always be treated as an end, not a means. “no person should be used”, Respect , the moral action is one that we must do in accordance with a certain principle, not because of its good consequence., Duty, an action has moral worth only when performed by an agent who possesses good will., Good Will, all person must act not only in accordance with, but for the sake of, obligation, Duty of Ethics, the supreme principle or moral law., Categorical Imperative, Conditional thing; E.g., “If I want to buy a house, then I must work hard to make enough money for the down payment.”, Hypothetical Imperative, according to Kant, are subjective rules that guide an action., Maxims, refers to the rules of conduct that rational beings lay down for themselves in the light of reason., Law, According to him,Man is under two great masters, pain and pleasure., Jeremy Bentham, the rightness of actions is determined solely by their consequences, Consequentialism, that pleasure or happiness is good that we seek and that we should seek, Hedonism, a right action produces the greatest good consequences and the least bad., Maximalism, the consequences to be considered are those of everyone affected, and everyone equally., Universalism, best action is that which produces the greatest happiness, Principle of Utility, we ought to do that which produces the greatest happiness and the least pain for the greatest number of people, Greatest Happiness, “doctrine of negative responsibility”., Bernard Williams.

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