Have students compare a formal encyclopedia entry with a casual blog post on the same topic (e.g., "The Eiffel Tower") and identify how the grammar and organization are different . - Text Awareness, Instead of a lesson on "the passive voice," teach it as part of a specific text type, like "writing a scientific experiment report". - Identify Needs, Give half the class the rules for "simple past" and the other half the rules for "present perfect." Then, put them in pairs to complete a gapped text together, forcing them to explain their rules to each other . - Variety of Approaches, Teach the phrase "He isn't easy to talk to" as a single vocabulary chunk long before you teach the formal grammar rule "adjective + infinitive". - Grammar & Vocabulary, Instead of having students write a movie review just for you, have them post it on an actual online review site for a real audience to see . - Technology, Ask students to use an online corpus (like COCA) to compare the use of "find out" and "discover." They'll quickly see that one is more common in spoken English and the other in academic texts . - Corpora, Give students a short article and bold or italicize every example of the target grammar (e.g., all modal verbs) to make the pattern "pop". - Guided Noticing, After a listening activity, give students the transcript with all the target grammar (e.g., past tense verbs) blanked out. Have them listen again and fill in the gaps. - Integrate Skills, If students keep writing "result of" instead of "result in," create a short gap-fill exercise followed by a guiding question like, "Is 'result' a noun or a verb when it's followed by 'in'?" . - Use Student Errors, Give students a real transcript of two friends talking and have them circle all the fragments and incomplete sentences (like "Good, good, fine") that are common in speech but not in writing . - Spoken vs. Written, Have students invent their own company. Then, when practicing writing complaint letters, they write a real letter from their company to a classmate's company. - Meaningful Practice, Give students a simple text (e.g., "The man walked. The dog barked.") and ask them to "elaborate" on it by adding more information, which forces them to use more complex grammar (e.g., adjectives, adverbs, clauses) . - Stretched Output,

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