to put it bluntly, to say something directly and honestly, even if it’s unpleasant, lock up, to put someone in prison, displacement effect, when a problem moves from one place to another instead of disappearing, root causes, the main basic reasons for a problem, poverty trap, a situation where poor people cannot escape being poor, income mobility, the ability to move to a higher income level over time, perpetuate poverty, make poverty continue or last longer, empathy and accountability, showing understanding and kindness but also responsibility for actions, brought to justice, caught and punished for a crime, cognitive behavioral therapy , a type of therapy that changes negative thoughts and behaviors, mitigate conflicts, make disagreements or fights less serious, reoffending, committing a crime again after being punished, law on the books, an existing law that is already official, carrots and sticks, a system of rewards and punishments to make people behave a certain way, place-based investment, spending money to improve specific areas or neighborhoods, reframing a problem, thinking about a problem in a new or different way, bite-sized bits, small, simple pieces of information that are easy to understand, bridge between research and practice, connection between academic ideas and real-world action, cross class and color lines, connect people from different social and racial groups, resource-intensive, requiring a lot of money, time, or materials, spread solutions, make good ideas or actions reach more places, save lives, prevent people from dying, less than one percent of one percent, an extremely small amount, stop the bleeding , fix the urgent problem before dealing with long-term issues, riddled with, full of something bad or unpleasant (e.g., riddled with problems or bullets), from all walks of life, people from many different backgrounds or social groups, senseless slaughter, killing that has no good reason or meaning, sticky solutions, focused methods that deal with the most serious or repeated problems.

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