Cutter Head:, The large rotating face that breaks and grinds rock or soil as the TBM moves forward., Cutting Discs:, Hard steel discs that crush and scrape the tunnel face material into smaller pieces., Thrust Cylinders:, Hydraulic rams that push the cutter head forward against the tunnel face., Shield:, The outer steel structure that supports and protects the TBM and workers inside., Screw Conveyor:, A spiral system that carries away the crushed rock and soil from the cutter head., Segment Erector:, A robotic arm that places concrete segments to form the tunnel lining., Tunnel Lining Segments:, Curved concrete panels that form the tunnel’s walls as the TBM moves forward., Backup Gantries:, Carriages behind the TBM that carry equipment and storage for segments and spoil., Guidance System:, Lasers and sensors that measure and adjust the TBM’s underground position., Control Cabin:, The area where engineers operate and monitor the TBM’s systems..

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