What is mobile computing?, A. Using only desktop computers on a wired network, B. Accessing computing resources via portable devices over wireless networks, C. Using mainframe computers in a server room, D. Sharing printers across an office, What is the best description of ubiquitous computing?, A. Computing that only happens in data centres, B. Computing embedded into everyday objects and environments, often invisible to users, C. Computing limited to smartphones, D. Computing restricted to one local network, What is a key characteristic of a peer-to-peer (P2P) network?, A. A central server controls all communication, B. Each node can act as both a client and a server, sharing resources directly, C. Only servers can store data, D. All data must pass through a router owned by an ISP, Which statement best describes grid computing?, A. Using a single powerful computer for all tasks, B. Linking many geographically distributed computers to work together on large problems, C. Running apps only on smartphones, D. Sharing files over Bluetooth, Which of the following is a common feature of both mobile and ubiquitous computing?, A. Both require wired Ethernet connections, B. Both depend on fixed desktop devices, C. Both involve access to services anywhere and anytime, D. Both avoid using wireless communication, In a peer-to-peer system, which of the following is an advantage compared with a traditional client–server model?, A. Easier to enforce central security policies, B. Reduced dependence on a single central server, improving resilience, C. Guaranteed higher bandwidth for all users, D. Simpler to back up because all data is stored on one machine, Which comparison between grid computing and P2P networks is most accurate?, A. Both are always anonymous file-sharing systems, B. Grid computing usually focuses on coordinated processing tasks; P2P often focuses on resource sharing such as files, C. Grid computing is only wireless; P2P is only wired, D. Grid computing has no central coordination; P2P always has strict central control, What does interoperability refer to in distributed systems?, A. Ability of different systems and software to work together and exchange data correctly, B. The speed at which a network operates, C. The security of encrypted messages, D. The ability to compress data, What are open standards?, A. Proprietary protocols controlled by a single company, B. Hardware specifications for mobile phones only, C. Publicly available specifications that can be implemented by anyone, D. Standards that require paid licences and NDAs, How are interoperability and open standards related?, A. Open standards usually reduce interoperability, B. Interoperability is only possible if no standards are used, C. Open standards promote interoperability by allowing different vendors to implement the same protocols, D. They refer to exactly the same concept, Which of the following is not typical hardware in a distributed network?, A. Servers in multiple data centres, B. Client devices such as laptops and smartphones, C. Routers and switches connecting different sites, D. A single stand-alone computer with no network connection, Why might distributed systems contribute to decentralisation of the web?, A. They store all content on one central server, B. They encourage data and services to be hosted across many independent nodes rather than a few large providers, C. They prevent users from sharing resources, D. They require a single global controller, Which statement correctly distinguishes lossless from lossy compression?, A. Lossless removes data permanently; lossy keeps all data, B. Lossless allows exact reconstruction of the original data; lossy results in some loss of detail, C. Lossless is only for images; lossy is only for text, D. Lossless is always smaller in size than lossy, For which file type is lossy compression most commonly used?, A. Source code files, B. Executable programs, C. Photographs and streaming audio where some quality loss is acceptable, D. Encrypted backups of financial records, In distributed web systems, why is lossless compression important for some data?, A. It makes images look sharper than the original, B. It ensures that critical data (e.g. configuration files, text, code) is reconstructed exactly after transfer, C. It always gives smaller files than lossy methods, D. It works only over wireless networks, What is the main role of decompression software during information transfer?, A. To encrypt data before it is sent, B. To reconstruct the original (or approximate) data from its compressed form at the receiving end, C. To route packets between networks, D. To allocate IP addresses to devices, Which is a benefit of using compression and decompression software in distributed systems?, A. Increased storage and bandwidth usage, B. Faster transmission times and reduced bandwidth requirements, C. Guaranteed improvement in data quality, D. Elimination of all network errors, Which is a potential drawback of compression in distributed systems?, A. Users cannot encrypt data after compression, B. Additional processing time is required for compression and decompression, C. Data cannot be transmitted over the Internet, D. Compression always reduces security, Why might lossy compression be unsuitable for certain distributed applications?, A. Because it cannot reduce file size, B. Because some applications (e.g. medical images, legal documents) require exact accuracy of data, C. Because it is incompatible with mobile networks, D. Because it always breaks interoperability, Which statement best links distributed approaches, interoperability, and compression?, A. Distributed systems avoid compression to stay interoperable, B. Open standards and interoperable protocols allow diverse devices to share compressed data efficiently across distributed networks, C. Compression replaces the need for open standards, D. Interoperability is only relevant for uncompressed text data.

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