Face validity, How fair and meaningful a test appears to learnersHow fair and meaningful a test appears to learners, Authentic task, A real-world language activity (e.g., writing an email)A real-world language activity (e.g., writing an email), Summative assessment, Final evaluation at the end of a unit/course, Formative assessment, Ongoing feedback during learning, Test adaptation, Modifying a test to match learner needs, Strategic support, Clear instructions or sample tasks for test takers, Beneficial washback, A test that improves teaching and learning, Future trend, Computer-based or adaptive testing (Celce-Murcia).

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