Resistance formula, , Compliance formula, , what unit is resistance in?, cmH2O/L/sec, what unit is compliance in?, L/cmH2O, parts of the lung have varied amounts of compliance and resistance. T or F, true, what effect does the varied amounts of compliance & resistance have on inspiration and expiration?, the flow on inspiration and expiration will vary, if the flow on inspiration & expiration vary, what effect does this have on time required to fill and empty?, then the time required to fill and empty will vary, the volume achieved for a specific pressure will also vary according to the compliance and resistance- only if :there is not enough ______ given, and the reaction does not have enough ______ to reach completion, the volume achieved for a specific pressure will also vary according to the compliance and resistance- only if :there is not enough time given, and the reaction does not have enough time to reach completion, how many time constants for a system to fill and empty?, 3, what is the formula to find time constant?, for 1 time constant, time constants only describe behavior in a system where the pressure is constant. T or F, true, how does the lung with low compliance fill?, , how does the lung with high resistance fill?, , flow is the highest at the start and takes longer to get the last 1ml than the first ml in an exponential system. T or F, true, what does e^1 equal?, 2.1783, how is exponential decay shown in formula?, , how is exponential rise shown in formula?, , at 1 time constant how much volume has moved in for inspiration?, 63% and volume starts at 0, at 2 time constant how much volume has moved in for inspiration?, 87%, at 3 time constant how much volume has moved in for inspiration?, 100% equilibrium point, calculated by multiplying compliance and delta P, at 1 time constant how much pressure has moved in for inspiration?, 63% and pressure starts at 0, at 2 time constant how much pressure has moved in for inspiration?, 87%, at 3 time constant how much pressure has moved in for inspiration?, 100% equilibrium point, at 1 time constant how much flow remains to come out?, 37% and flow starts at 100%, at 2 time constant how much flow remains to come out?, 13%, at 3 time constant how much flow remains to come out?, 0% (no flow), equilibrium point, if we double the generating pressure what happens to times for decay, flows, volumes, pressures?, , If we double the resistance instead what happens to times for decay, flows, volumes, pressures?, with increase in resistance the time to equilibrate is increased and the flow is decreased., if we decrease compliance what happens to times for decay, flows, volumes, pressures?, , what is respiratory rate?, the number of breaths/minute, what is cycle time?, , what is inspiratory time?, the time the machine allows to fill the lungs, what is expiratory time?, , what is tidal volume(Vt)?, the amount of volume the ventilator delivers each breath?, minute volume(Vm), , What is equilibrium during inspiration?, The point at the end of inspiration where inspiratory flow reaches zero, and the lung has fully filled. (This occurs before expiration begins, not during the quiescent phase.), Why does flow NOT reach zero when I-time is too short?, Because the lung did not reach equilibrium before the ventilator switched to exhalation. Flow was still occurring when inspiration ended., Does the ventilator instantly stop flow at the moment I-time ends?, Yes. The inspiratory valve closes and expiratory valve opens, so inspiratory flow drops to zero only because the breath ended, not because the lung reached equilibrium., What does it mean if the inspiratory flow-time waveform never reaches zero before exhalation begins?, Inspiratory time is too short for the patient’s time constant. The lung did not fully fill., What happens if I-time is shorter than the patient’s required time to reach equilibrium? What happens to tidal volume, Tidal volume decreases because the lung does not finish filling., What is meant by “inspiratory quiescent phase”?, The brief period at the end of inspiration where flow is zero before exhalation begins — only occurs if equilibrium is reached., 2 ways to ventilate, what are they?, 1. Flow (Volume) controllers 2. Pressure Controllers, What does a flow/volume-controlled ventilator deliver?, A constant volume (set VT) using an operator-adjusted flow., In volume control, what determines the mouth pressure (Pmi)?, a combination of: Flow + resistance + compliance + volume delivered., In volume control, what determines alveolar pressure (PA)?, a combination of: Compliance + volume, What four factors increase mouth pressure in volume control?, , What does a pressure-controlled ventilator deliver?, A constant pressure at the mouth during inspiration., What settings does the operator choose in pressure control?, Inspiratory pressure, inspiratory time (I-time), and rate., What determines alveolar pressure (PA) in pressure control?, Only compliance and volume (because pressure is set)., Do the basic mechanics of pressure control resemble spontaneous breathing?, Yes — both use pressure gradients to fill the lungs., calculate the inspiratory Q-time and expiratory Q-time, , what does a normal pressure-volume loop look like for a single breath?, diagonal area is the area under the curve measuring compliance, the football shape is the area of resistance, What is work of breathing?, , any increase in pressure across the airway (increased Raw or decreased compliance) or increase in volume will increase the WOB (that’s why people with increased WOB will tend to breathe ______ with _______ volumes), any increase in pressure across the airway (increased Raw or decreased compliance) or increase in volume will increase the WOB (that’s why people with increased WOB will tend to breathe faster with smaller volumes), why can't we measure WOB during spontaneous ventilation?, because the respiratory muscles contribute to the resistance, what is flow resistive work?, , The total work of breathing must take into consideration both elastic forces and resistance forces. T or F, T, How does a person increase their WOB, .

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