Civic Voluntarism Model (CVM), Motivation, resources, and recruitment lead to participation, O–S–O–R Model, Media influence works indirectly through beliefs and orientations, Framing Theory, Media highlight certain aspects of reality to shape interpretation, Spiral of Silence, People stay silent if they think their opinion is unpopular, Political Efficacy, Feeling capable of influencing politics increases participation, India 2024 Election Case, Digital mobilization through WhatsApp microtargeting.

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