Response Bias, Students Overreport Good Behavior: A teacher surveys students asking, “How many hours do you study every night?” Some students say “3–4 hours” even though they only study 1 hour because they want to look responsible., A school asks, “Do you ever copy homework?” Students may answer “No, never!” even if they sometimes do, because they fear judgement., Non-response Bias, A school emails a survey about cafeteria satisfaction. Only students who frequently use their email respond. Students who dislike the cafeteria or rarely check email do not respond, making results biased., The school sends a survey asking parents if they want more weekend school events. Parents who are busy on weekends may not answer at all. The respondents mainly include parents with more free time—skewing results., Household Bias, A researcher conducts phone surveys at 7–9 PM. Families where someone is always home (e.g., retired parents) are more likely to be surveyed, while households with parents working late or students at after-school activities are underrepresented., A surveyor knocks on doors and surveys whichever person answers. In many homes, mothers or older siblings are more likely to answer the door, so their opinions dominate. Other family members (younger siblings, fathers, etc.) are not equally represented..

Sampling Biases

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