The primary polymer providing tensile strength in plant cell walls is:, Chitin, Cellulose , Collagen, Hyaluronan, Penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by:, Blocking NAG/NAM synthesis, Preventing peptide cross-linking in the cell wall ✅, Increasing turgor pressure, Activating adenylyl cyclase, Collagen triple helices are stabilized by:, α-helical dimers, β-1,4 linkages, Gly-Pro-OH-Pro repeating patterns , Sulfate ion trapping, A “connexon” is made of:, 6 glucose subunits, 6 connexin proteins , Collagen dimers, 24 integrin subunits, In the cAMP pathway: Ligand binding to GPCR leads to:, α-GTP activating Adenylyl Cyclase , βγ entering the nucleus, Glycogen synthase activation, Chromatin tightening, The most rapid-acting ECM signaling molecules are:, Steroids, Eicosanoids , Brassinosteroids, Neurotrophins, Which cytoskeletal elements are anchored by desmosomes?, Actin, Intermediate filaments , Microtubules, IFs anchored by desmoglein/desmoplakin → IFs, Which of the following are hydrophobic signaling molecules that bind nuclear receptors?, Cortisol , Vitamin D3 , Thyroid hormone , Nitric oxide, Cortisol, TH, Vit D3 (NO is gas/enzymatic cGMP pathway), Components of the ECM that are negatively charged and form gels by trapping water include:, Proteoglycans , GAGs , Collagen, Cadherins, sulfated GAG chains and proteoglycans, Plant cell wall expansion is directed by deposition of cellulose microfibers parallel to microtubules., True, False, Gap junctions can synchronize electrical activity in heart muscle and neurons., True, False, Which component is primarily responsible for the compressive resistance of plant cell walls?, Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Pectin (Pectin binds positive ions → forms hydrated gel → resists compression.), Chitin, Which statement about bacterial cell walls is CORRECT?, They are mainly made of chitin, They alternate glucose and galactose monomers, They contain NAG and NAM cross-linked by peptides , They are synthesized in the mitochondria, The order of collagen assembly is:, Collagen fibril → procollagen → triple helix, Procollagen → triple helix → fibril → fiber , Tropomyosin → microtubule → fibril, Tropocollagen → microfilament → fibril, A focal adhesion connects the ECM to which cytoskeletal element?, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules, Actin filaments (microfilaments) , Myosin filaments, Hemidesmosomes differ from desmosomes because hemidesmosomes:, Use cadherins, Bind to laminin and link to intermediate filaments via integrins (α6β4) , Link actin between adjacent cells, Are formed by gap junction proteins, Which of the following are ECM components that interact with integrins?, Fibronectin, Laminin, Desmoglein, Cadherin, Collagen, Fibronectin, laminin, and collagen have integrin-binding domains., Which molecules contribute to the gel-like nature of ECM?, GAGs, Proteoglycans, Collagen fibrils, Integrins, Cellulose microfibrils are deposited parallel to cortical microtubules., True, False (they are deposited perpendicular), Desmosomes connect intermediate filaments between adjacent cells., True, false, Steroid hormones typically activate gene expression by:, Binding GPCRs, Opening ligand-gated ion channels, Binding intracellular receptors that act as transcription factors , Binding cytokine receptors, Which signaling molecule CAN cross the plasma membrane without a transporter?, Epinephrine, Glucagon, Nitric oxide (NO) , Insulin, When a GPCR is activated, which event happens FIRST?, Adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP, GTP is hydrolyzed, The α subunit exchanges GDP for GTP , CREB enters the nucleus, Which enzyme synthesizes cAMP?, Phospholipase C, Adenylyl cyclase , Protein kinase A, Guanylyl cyclase, Which of the following directly activates transcription of cAMP-responsive genes?, PKA, cAMP, CREB-P (phosphorylated CREB) bound to CRE sites with coactivators , Phosphodiesterase, Which hormones use intracellular (nuclear) receptors?, Cortisol, Thyroid hormone, Estradiol, ☐ Epinephrine, Which events amplify the glucagon → cAMP → PKA signaling cascade?, One GPCR activates many G-proteins, Each Gα activates many adenylyl cyclase molecules, Each AC makes many cAMP molecules, Phosphodiesterases produce more PKA, PKA phosphorylates multiple downstream targets, Protein kinase A must bind two cAMP molecules to release active catalytic subunits., True, False, GPCR signaling is terminated when the α subunit hydrolyzes GTP → GDP., True, False.

Chapter 15 &16

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