Problems: The weather was unpredictable, The climate was dry and hot with little rainfall , Droughts occurred regularly, Water levels were lower than the farm fields, Unpredictable floods destroyed crops, homes and people, Solutions: Canals helped control flooding, Wooden gates installed were installed to help with water flow, Earthen walls called levees were built to protect land from flood waters, Irrigation ditches carried river water to fields to water crops, The noria - a water wheel - was invented to move water efficiently, The shaduf - a bucket system - was invented to move water more efficiently,

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