1) What are the constituent parts of language? a) Lexicography, morphology, syntax b) The phonological, lexical, and grammatical systems c) Grammar, intonation, orthography d) The semantic, pragmatic, and syntactic systems 2) What is the aim of theoretical grammar? a) To teach correct writing only b) To describe only spoken language c) To scientifically describe and analyze grammatical categories d) To study stylistic variation 3) What does the plane of content represent? a) Written symbols b) Phrase structure c) Semantic elements d) Morphological endings 4) What are syntagmatic relations? a) Oppositional contrasts b) Linear relations between units occurring together c) Systemic relations outside context d) Derivational relations 5) What is a morpheme? a) A stylistic device b) The smallest meaningful unit of language c) A phonetic variation d) The smallest sound unit 6) What is a free morpheme? a) A morpheme occurring only in derivation b) A morpheme found only in inflections c) A morpheme that can function independently as a word d) A morpheme that replaces another 7) What is a bound morpheme? a) A morpheme used only in writing b) A morpheme that forms phrases c) A morpheme identical to a word d) A morpheme that cannot occur independently 8) What are allomorphs? a) Random phonetic changes b) Free variants of different morphemes c) Completely unrelated morphemes d) Variants of the same morpheme in different environment 9) What is a covert (zero) morpheme? a) A morpheme represented by a prefix b) A morpheme written but not pronounced c) An inflection always visible d) A morpheme expressed by absence of form 10) What is a privative opposition? a) Opposition based on presence vs absence of a feature b) Opposition where both sides have equal features c) Gradual difference in degree d) Oppositions used only in syntax 11) What do gradual oppositions express? a) Equivalent positive features b) Differences in the degree of the same feature c) Semantic synonymy d) Free morphological variation 12) What are equipollent oppositions? a) Oppositions based on absence of form b) Oppositions where all members have distinct positive features c) Oppositions between morphemes and phonemes d) Oppositions based on meaning only 13) What does distribution refer to? a) A set of possible spellings b) The total set of environments where a unit occurs c) A phonetic transcription d) The list of all synonyms 14) What does morphological analysis reveal? a) Structure and composition of the word b) Meaning of entire texts c) Phonetic boundaries d) Stylistic differences 15) What is the purpose of distributional analysis? a) To classify words semantically b) To analyze sentence logic c) To describe only phonetic change d) To study morphemes according to their environments 16) What do segmental units include? a) Stress groups and tones b) Intonation and rhythm only c) Phonemes forming strings (syllables, morphemes, words) d) Paragraph-level structures 17) What is the main function of the phoneme? a) To differentiate morphemes and words b) To express grammatical categories c) To represent sentence-level syntax d) To carry full meaning 18) What is the main categorial meaning of the noun? a) Relation b) Substance (thingness) c) Quality d) Process 19) What does the noun express through the category of number? a) Definiteness b) Case c) Singular vs plural d) Gender 20) Which group includes nouns like “scissors”, “trousers”? a) Collective nouns b) Singularia tantum c) Concrete nouns d) Pluralia tantum 21) What is the form of the common case in English? a) -ing ending b) Zero form c) With preposition only d) -ed ending 22) Which category is absent in English nouns? a) Possessive form b) Grammatical gender c) Number d) Class 23) What is the categorial meaning of the adjective? a) Relation b) Process c) Property d) Substance 24) Which class of adjectives can form degrees of comparison? a) Participial adjectives b) Numeral adjectives c) Qualitative adjectives d) Relative adjectives 25) Which syntactic function is typical for adjectives? a) Adverbial modifier b) Predicate only c) Subject d) Attribute 26) Which adjectives can be used only predicatively? a) Relative adjectives b) Statives (asleep, alive, afraid) c) Temperamental adjectives d) Quantitative adjectives 27) What combinability type is typical for adjectives? a) Combinability with nouns b) Combinability with particles only c) Combinability with prepositions only d) Combinability with adverbs only 28) What do degrees of comparison express? a) Number differences b) Person distinctions c) Case differences d) Different intensity of property 29) What is the categorial meaning of the verb? a) Secondary property b) Relation c) Process d) Substance 30) What is the main syntactic function of the verb? a) Determiner b) Modifier c) Attribute d) Predicate 31) Which category distinguishes finite and non-finite verb forms? a) Aspect b) Gender c) Comparison d) Predicativity 32) Which verbs express the process of being (existence)? a) Modal verbs b) Auxiliary verbs c) Actional verbs d) Causative verbs 33) What do modal verbs express? a) The agent of the action b) The exact time of action c) Attitude of the speaker toward the action d) Comparison between actions 34) What are notional verbs? a) Verbs used only in continuous tenses b) Verbs used without subjects c) Fully predicative verbs expressing concrete processes d) Verbs expressing only modality 35) What are auxiliary verbs used for? a) Creating stylistic emphasis b) Indicating definiteness c) Forming grammatical categories (tense, aspect, voice) d) Expressing emotional evaluation 36) What is the function of the verb “be”? a) Full notional verb only b) Auxiliary and link-verb c) Adverbial connector d) Morphological marker 37) What do aspective meanings describe? a) The number of actions b) The gender of the agent c) The role of participants d) The internal temporal structure of the action 38) Which form expresses the continuous aspect? a) V2 b) Have + V3 c) V1 d) Be + V-ing 39) Which form expresses the perfect aspect? a) Will + V b) V(s) c) Have + V3 d) Be + V-ing 40) Which category indicates the relation of an action to reality? a) Aspect b) Comparison c) Mood d) Tense 41) Which mood expresses hypothetical or unreal actions? a) Imperative b) Indicative c) Optative d) Subjunctive 42) What does the category of tense express? a) The emotional attitude b) The degree of completeness c) The relation between participants d) The timing of the action in relation to the moment of speaking 43) Which category shows whether the subject performs or receives the action? a) Number b) Mood c) Voice d) Aspect 44) Which form expresses the passive voice? a) V(s) b) V-ing c) Have + V3 d) Be + V3 45) Which verb form may function as a noun, adjective, or adverb? a) Auxiliary verbs b) Modal verbs c) Non-finite forms d) Regular verbs 46) Which non-finite form can function as a subject? a) Predicate only b) Past participle c) Present participle d) Gerund only 47) Which non-finite form can express an action in progress? a) Copular verb b) Infinitive c) Past participle d) Present participle 48) What is the categorial meaning of the adverb? a) Relation b) Secondary property c) Process d) Substance 49) Which non-finite form expresses completed action? a) Infinitive b) Present participle c) Modal verb d) Past participle 50) What do adverbs typically modify? a) Pronouns b) Prepositions c) Nouns only d) Verbs, adjectives, other adverbs 51) Which semantic group do adverbs of manner belong to? a) Evaluative adverbs b) Circumstantial adverbs c) Degree adverbs d) Qualitative adverbs 52) Which adverbs indicate time? a) Here, there, away b) Somehow, somewhat c) Maybe, certainly d) Yesterday, soon, already 53) Which adverbs indicate place? a) Perhaps, surely, maybe b) Quickly, slowly, beautifully c) Always, often, seldom d) Here, there, inside 54) Which class expresses the speaker’s evaluation of the situation? a) Pronominal adverbs b) Conjunctive adverbs c) Adverbs of frequency d) Modal adverbs 55) What is the main syntactic function of adverbs? a) Predicate b) Attribute c) Subject d) Adverbial modifier 56) Which adverbs express degree? a) Certainly, surely b) Here, near, above c) Very, quite, rather d) Somehow, somewhere 57) What is characteristic of pronominal adverbs? a) They replace verbs b) They refer to nouns only c) They form degrees of comparison d) They express relations of place, time, or manner 58) Which adverbs express frequency? a) Here, inside, abroad b) Perhaps, maybe, surely c) Quickly, slowly, badly d) Always, often, seldom 59) Which words can adverbs combine with? a) Pronouns b) Verbs, adjectives, adverbs c) Interjections d) Nouns only 60) Which adverbs can form degrees of comparison? a) Frequency adverbs b) Place adverbs c) Modal adverbs d) Qualitative adverbs 61) What is the primary function of prepositions? a) To express relations between words b) To show number c) To express aspect d) To express mood 62) Which type of words do prepositions combine with? a) Articles only b) Adverbs only c) Nouns and pronouns d) Adjectives only 63) What do prepositions express? a) Emotional evaluation b) Sentence modality c) Degree of quality d) Spatial, temporal, and logical relations 64) What is the categorial meaning of prepositions? a) Relation b) Secondary property c) Substance d) Property 65) Which prepositions are simple? a) In, on, at b) According to, due to c) Out of, instead of d) Because of, in spite of 66) Which prepositions are compound? a) Under, over, near b) For, by, of c) Inside, outside, within d) With, from, into 67) Which prepositions are phrase prepositions? a) After, before b) Between, among c) Around, across d) Because of, in front of 68) What is the main syntactic role of prepositional phrases? a) To show mood distinctions b) To function as predicates c) To form verb tenses d) To function as adverbial modifiers or attributes 69) What is the categorial meaning of the pronoun? a) Relation b) Substance c) Indication (deixis) d) Property 70) What do personal pronouns express? a) Comparison b) Quantity c) Temporal relations d) Participants of communication 71) Which pronouns indicate possession? a) Negative pronouns b) Reflexive pronouns c) Interrogative pronouns d) Possessive pronouns 72) Which pronouns point to objects or persons? a) Demonstrative pronouns b) Possessive pronouns c) Quantitative pronouns d) Reflexive pronouns 73) Which pronouns denote an indefinite person or thing? a) Demonstrative pronouns b) Possessive pronouns c) Indefinite pronouns d) Interrogative pronouns 74) What is the function of reflexive pronouns? a) To show possession b) To point to remote objects c) To indicate the subject acting upon itself d) To express quantity 75) What do interrogative pronouns do? a) Introduce questions b) Express possession c) Replace adjectives d) Mark definiteness 76) What do relative pronouns introduce? a) Imperative constructions b) Modal expressions c) Subordinate clauses d) Commands 77) What is the function of pronominal determiners? a) They specify a noun b) They express tense c) They act as predicates d) They replace a verb 78) Which pronoun category includes “each, every”? a) Distributive pronouns b) Reflexive pronouns c) Demonstrative pronouns d) Interrogative pronouns 79) What is the role of conjunctions? a) To replace nouns b) To form comparatives c) To indicate tense d) To connect words, phrases, or clauses 80) Which conjunctions join coordinate elements? a) Phrase conjunctions b) Modal conjunctions c) Subordinating conjunctions d) Coordinating conjunctions 81) Which conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses? a) Subordinating conjunctions b) Connective adverbs c) Simple conjunctions d) Coordinating conjunctions 82) Which conjunctions function in pairs? a) Disjunctive conjunctions b) Coordinating conjunctions c) Quantitative conjunctions d) Correlative conjunctions 83) What is the primary meaning of conjunctions? a) Degree b) Substance c) Process d) Connection 84) Which conjunction expresses contrast? a) so b) or c) because d) but 85) Which conjunction expresses cause? a) Yet b) But c) Or d) Because 86) Which conjunction expresses consequence? a) Although b) Unless c) While d) So 87) Which conjunction expresses condition? a) Also b) Because c) That d) If 88) Which conjunction expresses comparison? a) That b) And c) Because d) As...as 89) What is the categorial meaning of the numeral? a) Number b) Substance c) Process d) Relation 90) Which numerals denote exact quantity? a) Fractional numerals b) Collective numerals c) Multiplicative numerals d) Cardinal numerals 91) Which numerals express order? a) Distributive numerals b) Ordinal numerals c) Fractional numerals d) Collective numerals 92) Which numerals answer the question “how many?” a) Fractions b) Multiplicatives c) Cardinal numerals d) Distributives 93) Which numerals answer the question “which in order?” a) Multiplicative numerals b) Fractional numerals c) Collective numerals d) Ordinal numerals 94) Which numerals can function as attributes? a) Only collective numerals b) Only fractional numerals c) Both cardinal and ordinal numerals d) Only cardinal numerals 95) Which numerals may be used substantively? a) Fractional numerals only b) Multiplicatives only c) Ordinal numerals only d) Cardinal numerals like “the two”, “the three” 96) Which numeral form is analytical? a) fifth b) third c) twice d) one hundred and five 97) What is the syntactic function of numerals? a) Mostly predicate b) Mostly subject c) Mostly adverbial modifier d) Mostly attribute 98) What is the categorial meaning of particles? a) Process b) Substance c) Relation d) Specification or emphasis 99) What do limiting particles (only, just) express? a) Negation b) Tense c) Compariso d) Restriction 100) What do specifying particles do? a) Clarify or focus meaning b) Replace nouns c) Introduce clauses d) Indicate tense

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