Military intervention, The use of armed forces by one state to influence or control events in another state., Proven oil reserves, Quantities of oil that geological and engineering data show can be extracted economically with current technology., Global markets, International systems where goods, services, capital, and commodities are traded across borders., Economic reconstruction, The process of rebuilding an economy after severe collapse, conflict, or systemic failure., Post-conflict zones, Regions emerging from war or major political upheaval that require stabilization and rebuilding., Sovereignty, A state’s authority to govern itself without external interference., Investment risk, The probability that an investment’s actual return will differ from the expected return, including the risk of loss., Regime change, The replacement of one government by another, often through external pressure or force., Multipolar competition, A global power structure in which several states or blocs compete for influence rather than one dominant power., Gross Domestic Product (GDP), The total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country over a specific period., Per capita terms, A measurement expressed per person, used to compare economic output or income across populations., Hyperinflation, Extremely rapid and uncontrollable inflation that drastically reduces the value of a country’s currency., Dual-currency system, An economic system in which two different currencies are used simultaneously for transactions., Price controls, Government-imposed limits on the prices that can be charged for goods or services., Profit controls, Regulations that restrict the level of profit firms are allowed to earn., Expropriation, Government seizure of private assets or property, often with little or no compensation., Monetary expansion, An increase in the money supply by a central bank, typically through printing money or credit creation., Great Depression, A severe worldwide economic downturn in the 1930s marked by massive unemployment and output collapse., State failure, A condition in which a government loses the ability to provide basic public services and maintain authority., Governance, The framework of rules, institutions, and practices through which economic and political power is exercised..

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