1) Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? a) Veins b) Arteries c) Capillaries d) Venules 2) The main artery leaving the heart is the: a) Aorta b) Vena cava c) Pulmonary artery d) Carotid artery 3) Which vessels have valves to prevent backflow? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Arterioles 4) Blood vessels that connect arteries to veins are: a) Arterioles b) Capillaries c) Venules d) Lymphatics 5) The thickest layer of an artery wall is the: a) Tunica intima b) Tunica media c) Tunica externa d) Endothelium 6) Which vessels are primarily involved in nutrient exchange? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Arterioles 7) The blood vessel layer that contains smooth muscle is the: a) Tunica intima b) Tunica media c) Tunica externa d) Endothelium 8) Which vessels return blood to the heart? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Arterioles 9) The largest veins in the body are the: a) Aorta b) Vena cavae c) Pulmonary veins d) Jugular veins 10) What is the normal range for adult resting heart rate? a) 60-100 bpm b) 40-60 bpm c) 100-120 bpm d) 120-140 bpm 11) Which component detects changes in blood pressure? a) Baroreceptors b) Chemoreceptors c) Thermoreceptors d) Photoreceptors 12) What is the term for the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute? a) Cardiac output b) Stroke volume c) Heart rate d) Blood pressure 13) Which factor directly affects stroke volume? a) Heart contractility b) Blood viscosity c) Heart rate d) Blood type 14) What is the primary function of baroreceptors? a) Regulate blood pressure b) Sense temperature c) Detect light d) Monitor glucose 15) Which organ is responsible for regulating blood pressure? a) Kidneys b) Liver c) Lungs d) Stomach 16) What is the effect of increased stroke volume on cardiac output? a) Increases output b) Decreases output c) No effect d) Varies 17) Which hormone increases heart rate? a) Adrenaline b) Insulin c) Melatonin d) Glucagon 18) What is the main component of blood pressure measurement? a) Systolic pressure b) Diastolic pressure c) Pulse rate d) Heart rate 19) How does the body respond to low blood pressure? a) Increases heart rate b) Decreases heart rate c) Increases temperature d) Decreases temperature 20) According to Starling’s law, cardiac contraction force depends on stretch of: a) Heart valves b) Conduction pathways c) Cardiac muscle fibers d) Interventricular septum 21) When blood pressure rises, the medulla increases: a) Sympathetic impulses b) Parasympathetic impulses c) Somatic impulses d) Sensory impulses 22) Which does NOT significantly aid venous return? a) Skeletal muscle contraction b) Respiratory movements c) Blood pressure d) Venous valves 23) Which artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs? a) Aorta b) Basilar artery c) Pulmonary artery d) Carotid artery 24) Which layer regulates vessel diameter? a) Tunica intima b) Tunica media c) Tunica externa d) Endothelium 25) Primary transport mechanism for capillary exchange: a) Active transport b) Pinocytosis c) Diffusion d) Endocytosis 26) Which factor increases blood pressure directly? a) Decreased blood volume b) Decreased peripheral resistance c) Increased cardiac output d) Vasodilation 27) Blood from lungs enters heart through: a) Pulmonary artery b) Pulmonary vein c) Superior vena cava d) Inferior vena cava 28) Veins prevent backflow with: a) Elastic lamina b) Papillary muscles c) Valves d) Septa 29) Leg muscle contraction aids venous return by: a) Arterial recoil b) Skeletal muscle pump c) Capillary filtration d) Cardiac output 30) Which vessel type carries blood away from the heart? a) Veins b) Arteries c) Capillaries d) Venules 31) What is the primary function of capillaries? a) Transport oxygen b) Exchange nutrients c) Store blood d) Regulate temperature 32) Which vessels have the thinnest walls? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Arterioles 33) What prevents backflow in veins? a) Valves b) Muscles c) Elastic fibers d) Capillaries 34) Where is blood pressure highest? a) Veins b) Capillaries c) Arteries d) Venules 35) What is the main role of veins? a) Carry blood to heart b) Exchange gases c) Store nutrients d) Regulate temperature 36) Which vessels connect arteries to veins? a) Arterioles b) Capillaries c) Venules d) Lymphatics 37) Which layer of artery wall is thickest? a) Tunica intima b) Tunica media c) Tunica externa d) Endothelium 38) What is the function of precapillary sphincters? a) Regulate blood flow b) Store blood c) Exchange gases d) Prevent backflow 39) Which vessels are involved in nutrient exchange? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Arterioles 40) Which vessels have the thickest walls? a) Veins b) Capillaries c) Arteries d) Venules 41) What pressure forces fluid out of capillaries? a) Osmotic pressure b) Plasma protein pressure c) Hydrostatic pressure d) Oncotic pressure 42) Which vessels carry blood to the heart? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Arterioles 43) What is the main artery leaving the heart? a) Aorta b) Vena cava c) Pulmonary artery d) Carotid artery 44) What is the smallest blood vessel type? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Arterioles 45) Which artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs? a) Aorta b) Basilar artery c) Pulmonary artery d) Carotid artery 46) Which organ regulates blood pressure? a) Kidneys b) Liver c) Lungs d) Stomach 47) What is the effect of increased stroke volume? a) Increases output b) Decreases output c) No effect d) Varies 48) What is the main component of blood pressure? a) Systolic pressure b) Diastolic pressure c) Pulse rate d) Heart rate 49) How does body respond to low blood pressure? a) Increases heart rate b) Decreases heart rate c) Increases temperature d) Decreases temperature 50) What is the term for blood pumped per minute? a) Cardiac output b) Stroke volume c) Heart rate d) Blood pressure 51) Which factor affects stroke volume? a) Heart contractility b) Blood viscosity c) Heart rate d) Blood type 52) Which component detects blood pressure changes? a) Baroreceptors b) Chemoreceptors c) Thermoreceptors d) Photoreceptors 53) What is the normal adult heart rate range? a) 60-100 bpm b) 40-60 bpm c) 100-120 bpm d) 120-140 bpm 54) Primary transport mechanism in capillaries: a) Active transport b) Pinocytosis c) Diffusion d) Endocytosis 55) Which factor increases blood pressure? a) Decreased blood volume b) Decreased resistance c) Increased cardiac output d) Vasodilation 56) Which vessel type carries blood away from heart? a) Veins b) Arteries c) Capillaries d) Venules 57) What is the main role of arteries? a) Carry blood from heart b) Exchange gases c) Store nutrients d) Regulate temperature 58) Which structure in the heart helps regulate blood pressure? a) Aorta b) Valves c) Septum d) Atrium 59) What hormone is released by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure? a) Insulin b) Renin c) Adrenaline d) Cortisol 60) Which part of the aorta is crucial for blood pressure regulation? a) Arch b) Root c) Ascending d) Descending 61) Which vessels are primarily involved in blood pressure regulation? a) Arteries b) Veins c) Capillaries d) Venules 62) What is the role of venous sinuses in blood pressure? a) Store blood b) Pump blood c) Filter blood d) Exchange gases 63) What is the effect of renin on blood pressure? a) Increases b) Decreases c) No effect d) Varies 64) Which artery is a major factor in systemic blood pressure? a) Carotid b) Aorta c) Femoral d) Radial 65) Which hormone is crucial for blood pressure regulation? a) Renin b) Insulin c) Adrenaline d) Cortisol 66) When the smooth muscle of an artery contracts, the action is called: a) Vasodilation b) Vasoconstriction c) Vasomotion d) Elastic recoil 67) Fatty materials, particularly cholesterol, form deposits called __________ on the inner walls of arteries during: a) Plaques; thrombosis b) Plaques; atherosclerosis c) Thrombi; embolism d) Lipids; arteritis 68) Blood in some veins is kept flowing in one direction by the presence of: a) Elastic fibers b) Smooth muscle c) Valves d) Capillaries 69) The amount of blood pushed out of the ventricle with each contraction is called: a) Cardiac output b) Heart rate c) Stroke volume d) End-diastolic volume 70) The pulmonary veins deliver blood to the: a) Right atrium b) Right ventricle c) Left atrium d) Left ventricle 71) The abdominal aorta ends by dividing into the right and left: a) Femoral arteries b) Renal arteries c) Iliac arteries d) Carotid arteries 72) The vessel that participates directly in the exchange of substances between the cell and the blood is the: a) Arteriole b) Artery c) Capillary d) Venule 73) The amount of blood that flows into capillaries is regulated primarily by: a) Constriction of capillaries b) Arterioles c) Intercellular tissue d) Precapillary sphincters 74) Blood pressure is highest in: a) A vein b) A capillary c) An arteriole d) An artery 75) Plasma proteins help retain water in the blood by maintaining: a) Hydrostatic pressure b) Osmotic pressure c) Active transport d) Filtration pressure 76) Compared to arteries, veins have a tunica media that: a) Is thicker b) Contains more smooth muscle c) Contains less smooth muscle d) Contains striated muscle 77) The maximum pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction is called: a) Diastolic pressure b) Mean arterial pressure c) Pulse pressure d) Systolic pressure 78) Starling’s law of the heart is related to: a) Heart valves b) Electrical conduction c) Cardiac muscle fiber length d) Blood pressure regulation 79) When baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure, the medulla responds by increasing: a) Sympathetic impulses b) Parasympathetic impulses c) Somatic impulses d) Sensory impulses 80) Peripheral resistance is primarily controlled by changes in the diameter of: a) Capillaries b) Arterioles c) Venules d) Veins

Cardiovascular System

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