Traditional Knowledge, passed down from generation to generation, Authoritative Knowledge, comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on person's perceived expertise., Scientific Knowledge, obtained through scientific method, Nursing Theory, developed to describe nursing, serves the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practice, Theory, group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality, Concepts, abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality; describe objects, properties, events, and relationships among them., Deductive reasoning, examines general ideas and considers specific actions or ideas, Inductive reasoning, builds on specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas, General systems theory, Break whole things into parts to see how they work together in systems. It emphasizes relationships between the holw and the parts and describes how parts function and behave., Adaptation theory, Adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions., Developmental theory, orderly and predictable growth and development from conception to death., Common concepts in Nursing theories, The patient, the environment, health, and nursing, Nursing research, encompasses research to improve the care of people in the clinical setting as well as the broader study of people and the nursing profession, including studies education, policy development, ethics, and nursing history., Goals for nursing research, Build the schientific foundation for clinical practice, prevent disease and disability, manage and eliminate symptoms caused by illness, and enhance end-of-life and palliative care, A vision for nursing science: areas of scientific focus, symptom science: promoting personalized health strategies, wellness: promoting helath and preventing illness, self-management: improving quality of life for people with chronic conditions, end-of-life and pallative care: the science of compassion., Quantitative research, involves concept of basic and applied research, Qualitative research, Method of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings, Basic research, designed to generate and refine theory; findings are often not directly usful in practice, Applied research, designed to directly influence or improve clinical practice, Descriptive research, To explore and describe events in real-life situations, describing concepts and identifying relationships between and among events; often used to generate new knowledge about topics with little or no prior research, Correlational research, to examine the type and degree of relationships between tow or more variables; the strength of the relationship varies from a-1(perfect negative correlation, in which one increases as the other decreases) to a+1(perfect positive correlation, with both variables increasing or decreasing together), Quasi-experimental research, To examine cause-and-effect relationships of nursing interventions on patient outcomes, Experimental research, To examine cause-and-effect relationships between variables under highly controlled conditions; often in a laboratory setting, Phenomenology, (both a philosophy and a research method) is to describe experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied. Analysis of data provides information about the meaning of the experience within each person's own reality. Example: the experience of health or of having a heart attack, Grounded Theory, Is the discovery of how people describe their own reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions in a social scene. The findings are grounded in the data from subjects and are used to formulate concepts and to generate a theory of the experience., Enthography, Developed by the discipline of anthropology, ethnographic research is used to examine issues of a culture that are of interest to nursing., Historical, Examines events of the past to increase understanding of the nursing profession today. Many historical studies focus on nursing leaders, but there is increasing interest in the historical patterns of nursing practice, Evidence-Based Practice, Problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions using the best evidence available., What does PICOT stand for, Patient, population, or problem of interest, Intervention of interest, Comparison of interest, Outcome of interest, and Time, Systematic reviews, summarize findings from multiple studies of a specific clinical practice question or topic and recommend practice changes..

Foundations Chapter 2

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