agriculture, the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival, agribusiness, the large scale system that includes the production processing and distribution of agricultural products and equipment, agriculture revolutions, major change in farming, methods and technology that helps support economic and population development, animal waste, by products produced by livestock that can be used as fertilizer, aqua culture, raising/harvesting fish or aquatic plants for food, restocking or commercial use, aquifer, layers of sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and root can release a usable amount of water, biodiversity, the variety of organisms living in a location, Biotechnology, the science of altering organisms through genetic manipulation to create new products for specific purposes, genetic engineering, direct modification of an organism DNA to alter traits to improve efficiency, GMO, a plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through manipulation of its genetic make up, Columbian exchange, exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa beginning around Christopher Columbus, Commercial farming, crops and livestock are produced mainly for sale rather than consumption, food supply chains, system of processes that moves food from producers to consumers efficiently, community supported agriculture (CSA), a farm where people pay ahead to get fresh local food, deforestation, removal purposes like agriculture can lead to habitat loss, desertification, a form of land that occurs when soil deteriorates to desert like conditions, domestication, deliberate effort to grow plants or raise animals to adapt to human demands, economies of sale, reductions that occur when production rises, extensive farming , large areas of land are used with low inputs of labor per unit of land, intensive farming, of labor on a small area of land to get high yield per acre, fair trade, movement that tries to provide farmers or workers in semi peripheral or peripheral countries with fair pricing for products, food security, reliable access to safe or nutritious food that can support a healthy lifestyle, food insecurity, disruption of food, intake or eating patterns because of access to food, food deserts, area where residents like healthy nutritious foods because stores are too far away, irrigation, artificial supply of water to crops to help plants grow, land survey systems, methods to organize land into boundaries for ownership or planning, green revolution, movement in 50s and 60s which scientist use knowledge of genetics to develop new high yields, global food supply chains, worldwide network that handles countries and companies and consumers, herbicides, chemicals, use to kill or control unwanted plants that compete with basic plant necessities, high yield seeds, genetically improve seeds to produce more crops per acre, local food movements, efforts that encourage people to buy or consume food produce nearby, mechanized farming, type of agriculture that uses machines to perform tasks traditionally done by hand, monoculture, agricultural system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually , organic farming, method of agriculture that relies on natural processes and avoids synthetic fertilizers, overgrazing, condition that occurs when too many livestock feet on the same land for too long, causing land degration, Pastoral nomadism, form of assistance, agriculture, where people move places with their herd of domesticated animals to fresh pastures, water salinization, process of freshwater salty due to human activities or natural processes, shifting cultivation, agricultural practice of growing crops or grazing animals for a few years, then abandoning when nutrients are depleted, slash and burn, method of agriculture where vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown, Small family Farms, small scale, agriculture operations run by families, focusing on subsistence or local production, soil degradation, soil, becoming less fertile and less able to support plant growth, subsidy, money provided by the government to support agriculture for stabilizing prices, subsistence farming, practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one’s family and community using fewer mechanical resources, sustainability, meaning the needs of people without damaging the environment for future generations, terraces, step flat areas cut into a hillside to make land usable for farming, terracing, farming technique of carbon step like platforms into hillside that prevent soil erosion, wetland destruction, altering of wetlands that leads to loss of biodiversity or water pollution, values added specialty crops, crops produced in a special way to increase economic value, Von Thünens theory , model explaining how agriculture land use is arranged in rings around the market based on transportation.

Unit 5

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