What are chromosomes and where can they be found?, Bunched up strands of DNA. Stored in the nucleus of a cell., How many chromosomes do humans have?, 46 in 23 pairs. 22 pairs are autosomes. 1 pair is sex chromosomes., What defines a girl or a boy?, Girls sex chromosomes and XX, whilst boys are XY., What is a gene?, A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait., What is DNA?, A molecule that is somewhat a blueprint for the structure and function of living organisms., What does the acronym DNA stand for?, Deoxyribonucleic Acid., What makes up DNA?, It has a double helix structure made of base pairs (the rungs of the ladder), and sugars and phosphates (the sides of the ladder)., What is a codon?, A codon is a sequence of 3 base nucleotides. It acts as the code or recipe of a type that makes a specific amino acid or signals the start or stop of a DNA strand., What are the four bases and which are grouped?, Cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine. Cytosine and guanine go together and adenine and thymine go together., What is simple inheritance?, Traits controlled by a single gene. The person can either have one trait or another., What is an allele?, Different versions of a gene. An allele can either be dominant (D) or recessive (d)., What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?, Homozygous is when the alleles are the same. Heterozygous is when the alleles are different., What is a genotype?, The genetic code for the allele. For example Dd or EE or ff., What is a phenotype?, The trait you can see for example blue eyes is a phenotype., How do traits skip a generation?, Both parents can carry recessive alleles that get passed on to their children and then show in the third generation., What is the key to a pedigree?, Square is male circle is female. When coloured in their is presence of a trait. Generations are ordered using Roman numerals. Each individuals get a code based on their generation and birth order., What is mitosis?, Cell division for growth and repair., What is meiosis?, Cell division for sexual reproduction., What defines a sex cell (gamete)?, When cell division takes place cells are left with half the genetic code to make up an organism. They get half from their mum and half from their dad., What are the six stages of the cell cycle?, Interphase (the parent cell is getting ready to split), prophase (DNA forms bundles, nucleus starts to break down), metaphase (nucleus breaks down, chromosomes line up in the middle), anaphase (chromosomes separate), telophase (two nuclei form, chromosomes unbundled and new cells form around nuclei), and cytokinesis (two daughter cells have formed)., What is a genetic mutation?, A mistake when your cells are dividing. This results in genetic disorders., What is the specific role of DNA., It tells amino acids how to be formed into proteins., What is the role of RNA?, RNA is made from DNA. It tells the ribosome (a complex molecular machine found in all living cells) which amino acids to connect to make protein., What is a parent cell?, The original cell before the process of mitosis., What are daughter cells?, two cells left after the parent cell splits that has half the genetic code needed to make a living organism., Whats the difference between dominant and recessive alleles., Dominant traits always overpower recessive traits. This is because the dominant allele produces a functional, active protein whilst the recessive alleles produces a weaker non-functional protein., What is sex linked inheritance?, Sometimes traits can be bias since traits found on sex chromosomes (X or Y)are always controlled by the females X chromosome and don't show up on males Y chromosome. .

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