Order of acquisition, The predictable sequence in which learners typically acquire certain grammatical structures or language features, which may not match the order in which they are taught., Acquisition, The subconscious process of internalising a language through natural exposure and meaningful communication, as opposed to conscious learning., Structural syllabus, A type of syllabus organised around grammatical structures, with items selected and sequenced according to linguistic complexity., Cognitive deficit, A lack or impairment in mental processes such as memory, attention, perception, or reasoning that may affect a learner’s ability to process or acquire language., Tautology, The unnecessary repetition of meaning using different words that express the same idea, often considered redundant in formal language., Metalanguage, Language used to describe or talk about language, including grammatical terms and concepts used in analysis or teaching., Realia, Real-life objects or authentic materials from the target language culture used in the classroom to make learning more meaningful and contextualised., Parsing, The process of analysing a sentence by identifying its grammatical structure and the function of its components (e.g. subject, verb, object)., Pragmatic competence, The ability to use language appropriately in context, understanding and producing language that is suitable for the social situation, relationship, and communicative purpose., Apodosis, The main clause in a conditional sentence, which expresses the result or consequence of the condition., Phatic speech, Speech used primarily to establish, maintain, or end social contact rather than to convey information or ideas., Epenthesis, The insertion of an extra sound into a word, often to make pronunciation easier., Idiolect, The distinctive way an individual person uses language, including their vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation., Lexicon, The complete set of words and fixed expressions that make up a language or a speaker’s vocabulary., Code mixing, The practice of alternating between two or more languages or language varieties within a single utterance or conversation, often at word or phrase level., Framing, The way language is used to present, structure, and shape how information is interpreted in communication or discourse., Content word, A word that carries lexical meaning and contributes to the main information in a sentence, such as nouns, main verbs, adjectives, and adverbs., Utterance meaning, The meaning that a speaker intends to communicate in a specific context, which may go beyond the literal meaning of the words used., Interlanguage, A developing linguistic system that learners construct in the process of second language acquisition, which contains elements of both the first language and the target language, as well as learner-generated rules., Principled eclecticism, An approach to teaching that involves selecting and combining methods and techniques from different methodologies in a principled and context-sensitive way., Redundancy, The presence of more linguistic information than is strictly necessary for understanding, which can aid comprehension and clarity., Suprasegmental, Features of pronunciation that extend over more than one sound segment, such as stress, rhythm, and intonation., Interference, The influence of a learner’s first language on the use of a second language, which may lead to errors or transfer of L1 patterns into L2., Register, The variation in language use according to context, purpose, and relationship between speakers, ranging from formal to informal styles., Subjective test, A test in which marking involves human judgement, often allowing for multiple possible answers or interpretations., Co-text, The linguistic environment of a word or phrase, including the surrounding words and sentences that help determine meaning., Conversion, A word-formation process in which a word changes its grammatical category without any change in form., Copula verb, A verb that links the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, expressing identity or state rather than action., Discrete item test, A test that assesses individual language items separately, such as specific grammar points or vocabulary items., Agglutinative language, A type of language in which words are formed by adding a sequence of affixes to a base, with each affix typically representing a single grammatical meaning..

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