1865, Freedman’s Savings Bank Established. Created after the Civil War to serve formerly enslaved African Americans and help them deposit and protect their earnings. It represented one of the earliest major attempts to connect Black Americans to formal banking after emancipation, 1874, Freedman’s Savings Bank Failed. The bank failed because of mismanagement, abuse, fraud, and other economic factors. Tens of thousands of depositors were harmed, and many lost savings they had trusted the institution to protect. The National Archives notes the failure left depositors in economic ruin, and the OCC reports 61,144 depositors lost nearly $3 million., 1935, Social Security Act Passed. Created a national social insurance system and safety net for older adults and certain workers. However, many domestic and agricultural workers were initially excluded, which disproportionately affected Black workers, women, and workers of color., 1938, Fair Labor Standards Act Passed. This law created major wage and hour protections for workers, including minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor standards., 1944, GI Bill Signed. The GI Bill expanded access to education, home loans, and other benefits for veterans after World War II. However, discriminatory administration often limited access for Black veterans and other veterans of color., 1963, Equal Pay Act Passed. This law prohibits sex-based wage discrimination between men and women in the same workplace who perform jobs requiring substantially equal skill, effort, and responsibility under similar working conditions., 1964, Civil Rights Act Passed. Title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin., 1968, Fair Housing Act Passed. This law was created to prohibit discrimination in housing. The Department of Justice explains that one of its central objectives when enacted was to prohibit race discrimination in the sale and rental of housing., 1974, Equal Credit Opportunity Act Passed. This law made it illegal for creditors to discriminate against applicants based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, receiving public assistance income, or exercising rights under consumer credit law., 1975, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Passed. HMDA requires many mortgage lenders to collect, report, and disclose mortgage data. It was originally enacted by Congress in 1975., 1977, Community Reinvestment Act Passed. This law was created to address inequities in access to credit and encourage financial institutions to meet the credit needs of the communities where they do business, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The Federal Reserve History site connects the CRA to concerns that redlining continued even after housing and lending discrimination were made illegal., 1988, Fair Housing Act Expanded. The law expanded housing discrimination protections to include people with disabilities and families with children..

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