Dental caries is caused by an infection with, Porphyromonas gingivalis., Eikenella corrodens., Streptococcus mutans., Fusobacterium., Which of the following choices is the dental hygienist’s biggest dental problem in the adult patient?, Caries, Periodontal disease, Localized dental infection, Systemic dental infection, If an infection is just beginning, the organisms most likely to be present are, gram-positive cocci., gram-negative cocci., gram-positive anaerobes., gram-negative anaerobes., Which of the following agents is the drug of choice for an early dental infection unless the patient is allergic to it?, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Penicillin, Metronidazole, Which of the following antibiotics is associated with pseudomembranous colitis?, Penicillin, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Metronidazole, An _____ agent is a substance that destroys or suppresses the growth or multiplication of bacteria, antiinfective, antibacterial, antibiotic, antimicrobial, Which of the following antiinfective agents is bacteriostatic, but may be bactericidal at higher dose levels?, Cephalosporins, Metronidazole, Penicillins, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, The disease-producing power of the microorganism is called, resistance., superinfection., infection., virulence, Superinfection is more often caused by _____-spectrum antibiotics and increases when taken for a _____ time period, narrow; shorter, narrow; longer, broad; shorter, broad; longer, The possibility of superinfection can be minimized by use of the _____ specific antiinfective agent, the _____ effective course of therapy, and adequate doses., least; shortest, least; longest, most; shortest, most; longest, Which of the following statements is true concerning infection and host resistance?, A) Host resistance should be considered as having both local and systemic, b. If a patient has diabetes mellitus it can reduce the resistance to an infection., c. Drugs such as steroids are capable of enhancing a patient’s immune response., Both A and B, The misuse of antibiotics has contributed to antibiotic resistance. The solution to reducing the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is to write more prescriptions for antibiotics., Both statements are true., Both statements are false., The first statement is true, the second is false., The first statement is false, the second is true, Which of the following statements is true concerning antibiotic resistance?, Natural resistance occurs when an organism that was previously sensitive to an antimicrobial agent develops resistance., An increase in the use of an antibiotic in a given population decreases the proportion of resistant organisms in that population, Bacterial resistance can occur by the transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) genetic material from one organism to another, Which of the following periodontal diseases is usually not treated with antimicrobials?, Periodontal abscess, Localized juvenile periodontitis, Adult periodontitis, Rapidly advancing periodontitis, Superinfection describes a(n), nonsystemic, superficial infection., exaggerated infection caused by treating a resistant pathogen., opportunistic infection that arises as a consequence of treatment., infection by multiple pathogens, Antiinfective agents can potentiate the effect of oral anticoagulants by interfering with the production of vitamin, A., D., E., K., _____ has the highest incidence of gastrointestinal complaints of any of the antibiotics., Penicillin, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Cephalosporin, Which of the following antibiotics are not associated with any teratogenicity and are often Which of the following antibiotics are not associated with any teratogenicity and are often, a. Penicillin, b. Tetracyclines, c. Erythromycin, d. Metronidazole, Both A and C, Which of the following statements is true concerning the pharmacokinetics of penicillin?, Penicillin may be administered orally, parenterally, or topically., Penicillin G is better absorbed orally than penicillin V; thus, penicillin G is used for administration of oral penicillin, Penicillin V and amoxicillin can be taken without regard to meals., Penicillin does not cross the placenta and will not appear in breast milk, Penicillinase inactivates the penicillin moiety by, sublimation., desiccation., cleaving the -lactam ring., cleaving the S-containing thiazolidine ring., Which of the following agents allows the use of amoxicillin to treat penicillinase-producing organisms?, Clavulanic acid, Divalent cations, Corticosteroids, Disulfiram, Some studies indicate that _____% of patients receiving penicillin will have an anaphylactic reaction., 0.05 to 0.10, 0.5 to 1, 5 to 10, 20 to 25, Which of the following statements is true regarding penicillin allergy?, Allergic reactions with oral penicillin are more common than with parenteral penicillin, Anaphylactic reactions are more frequent in patients pretreated with -blockers and subsequently given oral penicillin., Which of the following salts of penicillin G produces the most rapid and highest blood level?, Potassium salt given intravenously, Potassium salt given intramuscularly, Benzathine salt given intramuscularly, Procaine salt intramuscularly, The usual adult dose of penicillin V for treatment of an infection is, 250 mg twice a day (bid)., 250 mg four times a day (qid)., 250 to 500 mg twice a day (bid)., 250 to 500 mg four times a day (qid)., Which of the following statements is true regarding penicillinase-resistant penicillins?, Penicillinase-resistant penicillins should be reserved for use against only penicillinase-producing staphylococci., Patients allergic to penicillin are not also allergic to the penicillinase-resistant penicillins., Which drug should be used before oral prophylaxis prior to dental treatment for a patient who has rheumatic heart disease with no known drug allergies?, Amoxicillin, Tetracycline, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, _____ is the drug of choice for prophylaxis to prevent bacterial endocarditis before a dental procedure, Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Which of the following antibiotics is available mixed with clavulanic acid?, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Carbenicillin, Azithromycin, Clavulanic acid is, a. a bacteriostatic antibiotic., b. a bactericidal antibiotic., c. a -lactamase inhibitor., d. Both A and C, e. Both B and C, Clavulanic acid is used to fight infections with which of the following resistance mechanisms?, a. Decreased permeability to the agent, b. Production of drug-inactivating enzymes, c. Alteration in the site of action, d. Any of the above, Which of the following statements is true of the cephalosporins?, a. They are active against gram-positive but not gram-negative organisms., b. Those available for oral use are susceptible to penicillinase., c. They are bacteriostatic., d. Their mechanism of action is inhibition of cell wall synthesis., Large doses of cephalosporins often produce a Coombs reaction, which means, a. high blood pressure is exacerbated., b. the immune mechanism is attacking the patient’s own red blood cells., c. degeneration of neural glial cells occurs., d. nephritis of the kidneys occurs., A cephalosporin would be most closely related to which of the following agents?, a. Penicillin VK, b. Clarithromycin, c. Ciprofloxacin, d. Doxycycline, Which of these agents do not inhibit bacterial cell-wall synthesis?, a. Vancomycin, b. Erythromycin, c. Penicillin G, d. Cefazolin, Which of the following statements is true concerning the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin?, a. Erythromycin is broken down in gastric fluid and absorbed through the stomach wall , B. Erythromycin is not available in a topical preparation because of allergenicity., c. Erythromycin is available in oral but not injectable forms., d. Erythromycin should be administered 2 hours before or 2 hours after meals., Which of the following conditions is the most common adverse reaction from the administration of erythromycin?, a. Anaphylaxis, b. Skin rash, c. Gastrointestinal effects, d. Miosis, Which of the following agents is the drug of first choice against infections caused by aerobic microorganisms in penicillin-allergic patients?, a. Metronidazole, b. Erythromycin, c. Doxycycline, d. Clindamycin, Azithromycin and clarithromycin, a. cause lysis of the bacterial cell wall., b. are not effective against anaerobes., c. have a higher incidence of adverse reactions than erythromycin., d. may be used as alternative antibiotics for the prophylaxis of endocarditis and prosthetic joint infections., Which of the following statements is true of the tetracyclines?, a. They are bactericidal., b. Tetracyclines interfere with the synthesis of bacterial protein by binding at the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, In the study of sensitivity or organisms isolated from dental infections, one-fifth to two-fifths of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were found to be resistant to tetracycline., Tetracyclines should not be used in children younger than _____ years of age., a. 6, b. 9, c. 12, d. 15, _____ can cause black pigmentation of mandibular and maxillary alveolar bone and the hard palate., a. Penicillin V, b. Erythromycin, c. Minocycline, d. Clindamycin, Which of the following statements is true concerning clindamycin?, a. Clindamycin is distributed throughout most body tissues, including bone., b. Cross-resistance between clindamycin and erythromycin is often noted., c. The indications for treatment with clindamycin are limited to a number of infections caused by aerobic organisms., d. Both A and B are true., e. Both B and C are true., Which of the following agents is most closely associated with the development of pseudomembranous colitis as a toxicity that limits its general use?, a. Erythromycin, b. Clindamycin, c. Penicillin VK, d. Metronidazole, Which of the following is the most common adverse reaction to administration of metronidazole?, a. Central nervous system effects, b. Gastrointestinal effects, c. Renal toxicity, d. Oral effects, Administration of metronidazole for dental infections during pregnancy is, a. contraindicated., b. permitted only during the second trimester., c. permitted during the last half of pregnancy., d. permitted without restriction., _____ is associated with a severe drug interaction with alcohol., a. Erythromycin, b. Tetracycline, c. Metronidazole, d. Aminoglycosides (e.g., streptomycin), Which of the following statements is true of vancomycin?, a. Vancomycin is related to the cephalosporins., b. Vancomycin is usually administered only intravenously for a systemic effect., c. Vancomycin is bacteriostatic., d. Vancomycin has a broad spectrum of action against a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms., An erythematous rash on the face and upper body known as red man syndrome is associated with use of which of the following antimicrobial agents?, a. Augmentin, b. Metronidazole, c. Vancomycin, d. Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides, a. are bacteriostatic., b. are used primarily to treat aerobic gram-negative infections when other agents are ineffective., c. are indicated for stage 1 infections., d. inhibit cell wall synthesis., Which of the following antimicrobial agents is associated with ototoxicity?, Vancomycin, b. Aminoglycosides, Nitrofurantoin, d. Quinolones, Oral-cavity infections are generally understood to advance through three stages. The three stages are (1) mixed aerobic and anaerobic infection, (2) aerobic infection, and (3) anaerobic infection. In what order do these stages occur?, a. 1, 2, 3, b. 1, 3, 2, c. 2, 1, 3, d. 3, 1, 2, e. 3, 2, 1, Which of the following antibiotics would be the best choice for treatment of an acute abscess or cellulitis in a patient who is not allergic to penicillin?, a. Metronidazole, b. Erythromycin, c. Amoxicillin, d. Clindamycin, When a patient with a stage 1 infection is allergic to penicillin V, the best alternative would be, a. penicillin G or ampicillin., b. erythromycin ethylsuccinate or clindamycin., c. tetracycline or metronidazole., d. vancomycin., Which of the following antibiotics would be the best choice to attack the anaerobes in a stage 2 infection?, a. Clindamycin or metronidazole, b. Ampicillin or amoxicillin, c. Amoxicillin or augmentin, d. Ciprofloxacin, The sulfonamides competitively inhibit the bacterial enzyme that incorporates para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) into an immediate precursor of, a. biotin., b. thiamine., c. folic acid., d. riboflavin., The most common adverse reaction to the sulfonamides is, a. liver damage., b. suppressed renal function., c. an allergic skin reaction., d. blood dyscrasias., Which of the following agents is bacteriostatic in action?, a. Amoxicillin, b. Streptomycin, c. Vancomycin, d. Trimethoprim, Which of the following statements is true regarding nitrofurantoin?, a. Nitrofurantoin has a narrow spectrum of action against anaerobic bacteria., b. Nitrofurantoin is bactericidal., c. Nitrofurantoin is associated with red man syndrome., d. Nitrofurantoin can cause a brownish discoloration of urine., _____ are the first orally active agents against certain Pseudomonas species., a. Aminoglycosides, b. Sulfonamides, c. Quinolones, d. Tetracyclines, Quinolones, must be administered parenterally and cannot be taken orally., are bactericidal against most gram-negative organisms and many gram-positive organisms., Which agent inhibits DNA gyrase?, a. Penicillin G, b. Erythromycin, c. Metronidazole, d. Ciprofloxacin, Unlike other antiinfective agents, an additive action may result when _____ is combined with other antimicrobial agents., a. vancomycin, b. chloramphenicol, c. nitrofurantoin, d. ciprofloxacin, The drug whose future use may include organisms found in periodontal disease is, a. ofloxacin., b. sulfamethoxazole., c. macrodantin., d. streptomycin., Rupture of the Achilles tendon is associated with the use of, a. tetracyclines., b. quinolones., c. rifampin., d. mupirocin., Which of the following combinations of three drugs are administered concurrently in active cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)?, Isoniazid (INH), rifampin, and pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, isoniazid (INH), and Rifater, Rifampin, PZA, and streptomycin, If a person with active TB seeks oral health care, a. use standard precautions and treat him or her just as everyone else is treated., b. schedule him or her as the last patient of the day., c. contact that person’s physician and delay health care until the disease is no longer in the active state., Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent endocarditis is considered reasonable for which of the following dental procedures?, a. Oral radiographs, b. Routine anesthetic injections through uninfected tissues, c. Routine prophylaxis, d. Shedding of deciduous teeth, Infective endocarditis prophylaxis with an antiinfective is indicated for patients who have had, a. coronary artery bypass surgery., b. a prosthetic heart valve., c. functional murmur., d. a cardiac pacemaker., The standard antibiotic drug regimen prior to dental procedures requiring immunoprophylaxis in a patient with no allergies to penicillin or amoxicillin is _____ g of amoxicillin _____ hour(s) before the procedure., a. 1; 1, b. 1; 2, c. 2; 1, d. 2; 2, If a patient requires premedication with antibiotics before a dental procedure and he or she is allergic to penicillins or ampicillin but can take oral medication, the drug of choice is, a. tetracycline., b. metronidazole., c. cephalexin., d. amoxicillin, Both the American Dental Association (ADA) and the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) recommend that which type of patients with joint replacements should receive antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures that can lead to bacteremia?, a. All patients for the rest of their lives., b. All patients for 2 years., c. Patients with weakened immune systems., d. No patients., Penicillin kills bacteria by attacking the, a. 50S subunit of the ribosome., b. 30S subunit of the ribosome., c. cell wall., d. a subunit of DNA gyrase., Which antibiotic is useful in the treatment of many anaerobic periodontal infections?, a. Metronidazole, b. Penicillin VK, c. Erythromycin, d. Azithromycin, The American Dental Association (ADA) and the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) recommend for dentists to prescribe antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with joint replacements. The American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs demonstrated the benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis outweigh potential harm., a. Both statements are true., b. Both statements are false., c. The first statement is true, the second statement is false., d. The first statement is false, the second statement is true., Infective endocarditis is more likely to occur from bacteria entering the bloodstream as a result of daily activities than from a dental procedure. There is no evidence that antibiotic prophylaxis prior to a dental procedure will prevent infective endocarditis in those at risk for developing it, a. Both statements are true., b. Both statements are false., c. The first statement is true, the second statement is false., d. The first statement is false, the second statement is true., An allergic reaction to penicillin will most likely appear as, a. anaphylaxis., b. a rash., c. delayed serum sickness., d. hemolytic anemia., e. interstitial nephritis., Which type of penicillin is most likely to be administered to a patient in the dental office?, a. Penicillin G, b. Penicillin V, c. Penicillinase-resistant penicillin, d. Ampicillin, Which is a penicillinase-resistant penicillin?, a. Ampicillin, b. Amoxicillin, c. Cloxacillin, d. Ticarcillin, e. Piperacillin, The frequency of cross-hypersensitivity between penicillin and cephalosporins is about __%., a. 0, b. 10, c. 20, d. 30, e. 40, . Which is a macrolide antibiotic?, a. Azithromycin, b. Cefixime, c. Doxycycline, d. Ciprofloxacin, e. Neomycin, Tetracycline antibiotics are associated with development of ______ in patients with dentures?, a. medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), b. bone resorption, c. osteogenic sarcoma, d. . candidiasis, Which antibiotic is utilized particularly due to effectiveness against anaerobic bacteria?, a. Penicillin, b. Erythromycin, c. Metronidazole, d. Clindamycin, e. Tetracycline, Antiinfectives are not needed in oral cavity infections if drainage of the infected area can be stablished., T, F, Metronidazole has antiinflammatory activity, True , false .

Chapter 7- Pharm

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