____ reference occurs when a word or phrase refers to something mentioned earlier in thediscourse. ____ reference points the reader or the listener forwards – it draws us further into the text in order to identify the elements to which the reference items refer. There are three types of cohesion: ____, lexical and ____. Let´s focus on grammatical cohesion. ____ reference items are expressed through pronouns and determiners (articles, possessiveadjectives, demonstrative adjectives, demonstrative adverbs. ____ reference is expressed through determiners and adverbs. These items can represent a single word or maybe phrase, or longer chunks of text, ranging across several paragraphs or even pages. ____ reference is expressed through adjectives and adverbs in the comparative and superlative and serves to compare items within a text in terms of identity or similarity. There is substitution when one element replaces another. There are three types of ____ anddifferent pro-forms (words used to replace others) are used in each type. The three types are: nominal, verbal and ____. ____ occurs when some essential structural element is omitted from a sentence or clause and can only be reconstructed quite successfully. The three types are: ____, verbal and clausal.

Grammatical cohesion

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