Phylogenetic tree - This shows the evolutionary relationships between different species , Analogous structure - Structures that share the same function but are not closely related in ancestry or structure: bird wing and dragonfly wings, Homologous structure - A structure that shows a common ancestor: human arm and bat wing, Coevolution - Two species that have a very close relationship with each other and depend on each other: bat pollinating a cactus, Convergent evolution - Evolution of 2 unrelated species in different locations that live in similar habitats and have evolved to have similar structures, Divergent evolution - When one species, due to isolation or natural selection, evolves into 2 or more species, Gene flow - Migration of alleles into or out of a population, Gene pool - All the genes/alleles in a population, Genetic drift - variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce., Natural selection - the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring., Phylogeny - Study of the origins of different species, Punctuated equilibrium - the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change., Speciation - The emergence of a new species, Species - A population of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring, Vestigial Structure - Remnants of structures found in organisms: appendix in human, Embryology - Study of embryonic development of related species, Paleontology - Study of the fossil record, Biochemistry - Study of common nucleic acids and proteins of different species, q2 - Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in a population, 2pq - The frequency of heterozygous individuals in a population, p2 - Frequency of homozzygous dominant individuals in a population, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 - Hardy-Weinberg equation, q - Equals the square root of q2, p - Equals the square root of p2,

Evolution and natural selection

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