1) Jonathan was making observations of rock formations. He noticed that the formation shown above appeared to have many layers. The layers shown were most likely formed when – a) ancient humans carved the lines b) animals scratched the lines using their claws c) humans stacked layers of rock on top of one another d) sediments were compacted into layers over time 2) Which processes must occur to the sediments to form the sedimentary rock as shown? a) erosion and compaction b) evaporation and condensation c) weathering and erosion d) compaction and cementation 3) Which is the correct order in the process of sedimentary rock formation? a) compaction, weathering, erosion, cementation, deposition b) weathering, deposition, cementation, burial, melting c) weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation d) compaction, erosion, cementation, deposition, heating 4) When a layer of sediment is deposited on the ocean floor, what is the next step in the formation of sedimentary rocks? a) eroding b) compacting c) weathering d) heating 5) What has to happen in order for sedimentary rock to form? a) pieces of rock need to be pressed into layers b) exposure to heat or pressure c) a volcanic eruption d) a landslide 6) The sedimentary rock shown has many layers. Which process is most likely responsible for the formation of the rock layers? a) deposition by water b) glacial deposits c) erosion by wind d) frost wedging 7) Stephanie found a rock on a camping trip. She did not know the name of the rock, but was sure it was a sedimentary rock. Which of the following observations could have led her to this conclusion? a) The rock had sand size particles that looked glued together. b) The rock was very dense. c) The rock was shiny. d) The rock was a gray colo 8) What is the best evidence to suggest this is a sedimentary rock? a) It has not been weathered. b) It is not smooth. c) It looks broken. d) It has layers. 9) The picture shows rock falling and settling to the bottom of the river. This step in the formation of sedimentary rock is known as - a) compaction b) weathering c) cementation d) deposition 10) Which shows a rock that has undergone the greatest amount of compaction? a) D b) B c) A d) C 11) Kevin was modeling the processes in the formation of sedimentary rock. Which step is being modeled as he pushes the sand down in the syringe? a) weathering b) compaction c) cementation d) erosion 12) Where does the "glue" that holds sedimentary rock together come from? a) compacting materials b) organic matter that evaporates c) dissolved minerals in water d) plant saps 13) The process by which small particles of rock are pushed together minimizing the spaces between the particles is known as - a) erosion b) cementation c) compaction d) weathering 14) How are sedimentary rocks made? a) Earthquakes cause small pieces to fall. b) Chemical reactions change minerals. c) Materials are pressed together. d) Magma or lava is cooled. 15) The formation of sedimentary rock involves – a) Weathering b) Deposition c) Erosion d) All of the above 16) Using fossil fuels wisely and reducing pollution are examples of a) rationing. b) conservation. c) substitution. d) recycling. 17) This photograph shows plants growing on the surface of a pond. How do plants like these form fossil fuels? a) The dead plants sink to the bottom of the pond and are consumed by decomposers b) The dead plants produce carbon that are consumed by fish, which form fossils c) The dead plants get buried for millions of years and form fossil fuels to attract carbon d) The dead plants sink to the bottom of the pond and get buried by sediment for millions of years 18) Why are fossil fuels nonrenewable? a) they can only be found in the ocean b) they cannot be replaced in a short period of time c) they can be restored in a short period of time d) they can be replaced in a short period of time 19) Which process changed the dead plant matter into coal? a) heat, time, and pressure b) evaporation and compaction c) compaction and cementation d) absorption and reactions 20) Which process is MOST similar to the development of fossil fuels? a) the formation of craters on the moon b) the cycling of water through the water cycle c) growing a plant from a seed d) the forming of sedimentary rock layers 21) Fossil fuels were formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived many, many years ago. What conditions must have been present to allow the organisms to transform into fossil fuels? a) Heat and pressure b) Cold compression from layers of ice c) Metamorphic rock d) Minerals from volcanic ash 22) Which of the following accurately describes the term fossil fuels? a) Coal, oil and gas are called “fossils fuels” because they have been formed from ancient rocks and sedimentary layers. b) Methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor are called “fossil fuels” because they have been formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals. c) Coal, oil and gas are called "fossil fuels" because they have been formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals. d) Methane, carbon dioxide, and water vapor are called “fossil fuels” because they have been formed from ancient rocks and sedimentary layers. 23) What is the source of fossil fuels? a) coal b) heat energy c) minerals d) once-living organisms 24) Why are we unable to make more coal as we are using up the supply on Earth? a) the Earth doesn't get enough sunlight b) dinosaurs are no longer living on Earth c) it takes millions of years to form d) Earth no longer has the right kinds of plants 25) Fossil fuels formed over long periods of time after particles in water settled to the sea floor and formed marine mud. What kinds of particles needed to be present in the marine mud in order for fossil fuels to form? a) Mostly sand and a few small bits of wood b) Mostly decaying organisms c) Mostly metal minerals d) Mostly lava and a few sedimentary rocks 26) All of these are related to the formation of oil or natural gas EXCEPT -- a) decomposed animals b) decayed plants c) active volcanoes d) sedimentary rock 27) Coal is formed when organic materials are buried underground and subjected to heat and great pressure. If coal replaces itself naturally, why is it considered a nonrenewable resource? a) It is very difficult to mine coal from under the ground. b) It takes millions of years for new deposits of coal to form. c) Coal is burned in order to generate electricity. d) Coal is very hard to find on the surface of the Earth. 28) Coal usually formed in swampy or partially flooded areas. These areas allowed for the formation of coal because they offered an abundance of - a) Diatoms b) Dinosaurs c) Plant life d) Land animals 29) Often, to access petroleum, geologists drill deep within Earth’s surface and pump the petroleum to the surface where it can be processed for use. Why is it often necessary to drill deeply? a) Fossil fuels only developed where no sunlight was available b) The organisms needed for fossil fuels to develop only lived deep beneath Earth’s surface c) Fossil fuels only developed after many layers buried the plants and animals d) Fossil fuels only formed in the deepest parts of the oceans 30) Where do most fossils form? a) in igneous rock b) in thick grass c) in loose topsoil d) in sedimentary rock 31) If scientists want to learn what these organisms ate when they were living, what part of the fossil would be most helpful to study? a) the teeth and jaw structures b) the tail c) the body shape d) the leg bones 32) Which of the following sentences about fossils is TRUE? a) Fossils help scientists learn what the environment was like long ago. b) Fossils are only found in areas where dinosaurs used to live. c) Rocks from long ago can become fossils. d) Only the remains of animals become fossils. 33) Fossils can provide evidence of an area’s – a) past climate b) all of the above c) past life forms d) past geological events

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