Behaviourism: Connection between stimuli and observable responses, Focuses solely on observable actions, Contends that learning takes place when there is an observable change in behaviour, Conditions desired behaviours, Is not concerned with how or why knowledge is obtained, Sees learners as passive absorbers of information, The educator’s role is to provide appropriate stimuli and continual positive reinforcement, Typically models repetition, memorization, question-and-response, Uses external motivators such as grading and praise, Commonly designed to reinforce basic skills such as spelling, vocabulary development, and typing., Presents new concepts and provide step-by-step instructions on how to complete certain objectives, Provides students with instant feedback, For online learning that includes a focus on learning outcomes, online testing, sequencing of online materials, and ongoing feedback., Cognitivism: Learning takes place when the mind receives information and then processes it to make sense of it., Places emphasis on understanding thought processes, and how the mind processes and stores information., Argues that the “black box” of the mind should be opened and understood, Recognizes the importance of individual differences, and of including a diversity of learning strategies to accommodate those differences, Intends to present new information in a way that helps the learner relate new information to existing knowledge in memory., Technologies based on this principle are seen to promote learning by “doing” rather than learning by direct instruction, Includes strategies that allow learners to apply information in real life, Is supported by online learning that incorporates pre-tests, visual organizers that chunk information into relevant topics/lessons, The role of the educator is to present new information in a way that helps the learner relate new information to existing knowledge in memory., Constructivism: States that learning is an active, contextualized process of constructing knowledge rather than acquiring it, One of its central ideals is that human knowledge is built through exploration, Individuals constructing new knowledge upon the foundation of previous learning, Individuals are seen as constructing their own perspective of the world through personal experiences, Suggests that the interpretation of knowledge must be dependent on the cultural and social context through which the knowledge was constructed, Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), which suggests that learning takes place when learners solve problems beyond their level with the support of peers that are more experienced and/or an educator, Here, the educator functions more as a facilitator who coaches, mediates, prompts, and helps students develop and assess their understanding, and thereby their learning., The role of the educator is to support the individual’s exploration rather than directly provide instruction, Learners are given control of the learning process and active techniques including collaborative and cooperative learning, hands-on experiments, guided discovery, and real-world problem solving, Online learning that provides necessary materials and resources for learner to construct their knowledge is derived from this perspective, Learners are given control over their own learning and given time to reflect, and learning should be meaningful and interactive.,

TEFL Week 3

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