1) Which sociologist's research is used as evidence of the risks to the sociologist of conducting a covert observation? a) Sharpe b) Oakley c) Humphreys d) Aries e) Patrick f) Whyte 2) What term means combining quantitative and qualitative to reach conclusions that are (hopefully) reliable and valid?  a) Gatekeeping b) Operationalising c) Content analysis d) Field experiment e) Snowball sampling f) Triangulation 3) What method did Venkatesh use in his study? a) Covert non-participation observation b) Covert participation observation c) Overt non-participation observation d) Overt participation observation e) Field experiment f) Data sampling 4) Which of these research methods is the most problematic in terms of ethics? a) Overt observations b) Covert observations c) Semi-structured interviews d) Historical documents e) Content analysis f) Closed questionnaires 5) Which interviews are essential face-to-face questionnaires? a) Structured interviews b) Semi-structured interviews c) Unstructured interviews d) Focus groups e) Field experiments f) Postal questionnaires 6) Which of the following methods is considered secondary data? a) Documents b) Interviews c) Participant observations d) Non-participant observations e) Lab experiments f) Field experiments 7) Which of the following methods is particularly favoured by feminists? a) Non-participant observation b) Participant observation c) Unstructured interviews d) Structured interviews e) Field experiments f) Lab experiments 8) Which process can generate quantitative data? a) Triangulation b) Content analysis c) Operationalising d) Methodological pluralism e) Covert participation observation f) Participant observation 9) Which of the following methods involve primary data? a) Personal documents b) Official statistics c) Experiments d) Historical documents e) TV documentaries f) Newspapers 10) A significant factor influencing the choice of sociologist's research topic is... a) Availability of funding b) Ethical considerations c) Expense of research d) How time-consuming the research is e) Choice of group to study f) Career aspirations 11) Which of the following sociologists are more likley to prefer quantitative data? a) Feminists b) Postmodernists c) Interactionists d) New Right e) Functionalists f) Pluralists 12) Which of the following methods always produces qualitative data? a) Social survey b) Questionnaire c) Unstructured interview d) Observation e) Structured interview f) Lab experiment 13) Which of the following methods involve secondary data? a) Interview b) Observation c) Official statistics d) Social survey e) Questionnaire f) Lab experiment 14) Which of the following sociologists are most likely to prefer qualitative data? a) New Right b) Functionalist c) Orthodox Marxists d) Interactionists e) Pluralists f) Liberalists 15) Which of the following is NOT a significant factor influencing the choice of a sociologist's research method? a) Personal interest in the topic b) Ethical considerations c) Theoretical perspectives d) Practicality of method e) Funding f) Choice of group 16) There are two kinds of experiment: Lab experiments and ... a) Field experiments b) Human experiments c) Historical experiments d) Observational experiments e) Covert experiments f) Pilot experiments 17) The idea of truth being based on physical evidence experienced through the five senses is called what? a) atheism b) relativism c) narratology d) empiricism e) scepticism f) postmodernism 18) This means ‘truth’ or ‘authenticity’. a) Validity b) Representativeness c) Generalisablity d) Operationalisation e) Triangulation f) Ethics 19) This type of research is usually high in validity, because it goes to the ‘source’ by recording individual people’s personal experiences. a) Empirical b) Scientific c) Neo-Liberal d) Interpretivist e) Positivist f) Pluralist 20) This type of research is often low in validity because it uses statistics which are more removed from direct personal experience. a) Ethnomethodology b) Phenomenology c) Interpretivist d) Positivist e) Ethnography f) Covert 21) Getting the people who took part in the study to confirm the researcher’s interpretation of their views or behaviour. a) Traingulation validation b) Respondent validation  c) Phenomenology validation d) Observer validation e) Participant validation f) Overt validation 22) This means ‘consistency’. a) Validity b) Representativeness c) Generalisablity d) Operationalisation e) Triangulation f) Reliability 23) This type of research is usually low in reliability, because it focuses on feelings and beliefs which are very changeable  a) Scientific b) Neo-Liberal c) Interpretivist d) Positivist e) Empirical f) Pluralist 24) Paul Willis’ Learning to Labour (1977) used what types of research method? a) Unstructured observations and interviews b) Structured interviews and questionnaires c) Questionnaires and historical documents d) Covert observations e) Postal questionnaires f) Field experiments 25) This refers to how typical the people or the situation being studied are. a) Validity b) Representativeness c) Generalisablity d) Operationalisation e) Triangulation f) Reliability 26) This refers to how a study’s findings can be applied to wider society. a) Representativeness b) Generalisability c) Validity d) Operationalisation e) Triangulation f) Reliability 27) This means defining your concepts in a way that is clear and measurable. a) Representativeness b) Generalisability c) Validity d) Operationalisation e) Triangulation f) Reliability 28) This means approaching the same social behaviour from two or more angles. It is a way of checking the validity of fndings. a) Representativeness b) Generalisability c) Validity d) Operationalisation e) Triangulation f) Reliability 29) Who carried out a four year participant observation study in a neighbourhood he called 'Cornerville'? a) Gentleman b) Pearson c) Patrick d) Whyte e) Griffin f) Humphreys 30) Who wrote the covert observation study Black Like Me (1961)? a) Venkatesh b) Pearson c) Patrick d) Whyte e) Griffin f) Humphreys 31) Who embedded himself amongst fans of Blackpool FC to understand the impact law changes had upon violence amongst football crowds? a) Venkatesh b) Pearson c) Patrick d) Gentleman e) Griffin f) Humphreys 32) Who carried out a overt observation and unstructured interviews with residents and staff of a care home? a) Venkatesh b) Pearson c) Patrick d) Gentleman e) Griffin f) Whyte 33) Which society lays out a set of ethical guidelines for researchers to follow? a) Sociology UK b) The Sociological Society for England & Wales c) British Sociological Society d) The Sociological Institute e) Psych and Soc Society f) Sociology Today 34) One of the six ethical guidelines: Respondents should be aware that they are involved in a research project and its purpose a) Informed consent b) Deception c) Confidentiality d) Protection e) Integrity f) Professionalism 35) One of the six ethical guidelines: Researchers should not lie to respondents about the purpose of the research or their own identity. a) Informed consent b) Deception c) Confidentiality d) Protection e) Integrity f) Professionalism 36) One of the six ethical guidelines: Respondents should have their true names and backgrounds concealed – many researchers use pseudonyms for respondents. a) Informed consent b) Deception c) Confidentiality d) Protection e) Integrity f) Professionalism 37) One of the six ethical guidelines: Respondents should be protected from harm.  a) Informed consent b) Deception c) Confidentiality d) Protection e) Integrity f) Professionalism 38) One of the six ethical guidelines: Researchers should not carry out illegal or immoral acts while pursuing research.  a) Informed consent b) Deception c) Confidentiality d) Protection e) Integrity f) Professionalism 39) These are questions that force the respondent to choose from a set of possible answers. a) Closed b) Open-ended c) Postal d) Web-based e) Direct f) Indirect 40) These are questions that allow respondents to answer in any way they like. a) Closed b) Open-ended c) Postal d) Web-based e) Direct f) Indirect 41) Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population. a) Random sample b) Systematic sample c) Stratified sample d) Cluster sample e) Snowball sample f) Purposive sample 42) Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals. a) Random sample b) Systematic sample c) Stratified sample d) Cluster sample e) Snowball sample f) Purposive sample 43) To use this sampling method, you divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic (e.g., gender, age range, income bracket, job role). a) Random sample b) Systematic sample c) Stratified sample d) Cluster sample e) Snowball sample f) Purposive sample 44) This involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the whole sample. Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups. a) Random sample b) Systematic sample c) Stratified sample d) Cluster sample e) Snowball sample f) Purposive sample 45) If the population is hard to access, this sampling method can be used to recruit participants via other participants. The number of people you have access to increases as you get in contact with more people. a) Random sample b) Systematic sample c) Stratified sample d) Cluster sample e) Snowball sample f) Purposive sample 46) This type of sampling, also known as judgement sampling, involves the researcher using their expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research. a) Random sample b) Systematic sample c) Stratified sample d) Cluster sample e) Snowball sample f) Purposive sample 47) This is a detailed investigations of a specific thing – e.g. one person, one group, one institution or one event. a) Case study b) Pilot study c) Longitudinal study d) Focus group e) Psychological study f) Temporal study 48) This is a small sample, perhaps fewer than ten people. a) Case study b) Pilot study c) Longitudinal study d) Focus group e) Psychological study f) Temporal study 49) This is a social survey conducted over a period of time. a) Case study b) Pilot study c) Longitudinal study d) Focus group e) Psychological study f) Temporal study 50) This is the scientific description of a specific culture by someone with first-hand experience of observing that culture.  a) Ethnography b) Positivism c) Interpretativism d) Phenomenology e) neo-Liberalism f) conservativism

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