Openings - The start of a text must interest the reader., Focus - This is what the writer focuses on as the text develops., Shifts - Changes in ideas and perspectives, eg outside to inside., Contrast - The differences between two things., Repetition or patterns - When words, phrases or ideas are repeated for effect., Order of events - This could be chronological or writers might choose to start somewhere else in the story, Endings - The conclusion of a text may be neat or leave us with questions., Cyclical structure - the imagery or story circling back on itself, Flashback or flashfoward - A jump in time to the past or future,

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