MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE - Inherited connective tissue disorder causing the enlargement of one or both of the mitral valve leaflets. Leads to the ballooning of blood back into the atrium during systole. Blood may also regurgitate from the left ventricle back into the left atrium, MITRAL REGURGITATION - With each beat of the left ventricle, some blood is forced back into the left atrium, adding to blood flowing in from the lungs. The left atrium stretches and thickens (hypertrophy) causing dilation, lungs become congested, causing increased strain on right ventricle. Leading to overload. As the ventricle dilates, it leads to systolic heart failure, MITRAL STENOSIS - Obstruction of blood flow from left atrium to the left ventricle (most often caused by rhuematic endocarditis). As the valve narrows, the right ventricle must contract against abnormally high pulmonary arterial pressure, and subjected to excessive strain (hypertrophy, and eventually failing). As HR increases Diastole time is shortened. , AORTIC REGURGITATION - Blood from the aorta returns to the left ventricle during diastole, in addition to the blood normally delieved by the left atrium. The left ventricle dilates in an attempt to accomodate the increased volume of blood, AORTIC STENOSIS - Occurs when the aortic valves narrows. Which reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart into the main artery (aorta) and to the rest of the body. Narrowing occurs between ventricle and aorta. Calcification caused by proliferation and inflammatory changes. , SYMPTOMS of mital prolapse - SOB during acitvity or when lying flat, palpitations, chest pain, a murmur clicks "mitral click" in mid to late systole - often the first and only sign, SYMPTOMS OF mitral regurgitation - Severe CHF, dyspnea, SOB on exertion, cough from pulmonary congestion. Chronic = often asymptomatic. Acute = severe CHF. Murmur is often heard at the apex, SYMPTOMS OF mitral stensosis - DOE, leading to hemoptysis (rupture of pulmonary vessels), palpitations (A-fib_, orthopnea, progressive fatigue, dry cough/wheezing, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, frequent respiratory infections, accentuated first heart sounds, low-pitched, rubling, diastolic murmur heard at the apex, hoarse voice, SYMPTOMS OF aortic regurgitation - Palpitations that may be felt in arteris of the head and neck, exertional dyspnea, SOB, difficulty breathing, weakness, fainting, swollen ankles. high-pitched, blowling diastolic murmur at the 3rd or 4th ICD and wide pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic BP), SYMPTOMS OF aortic stenosis - Visible/palpable pulsations over carotid or temporal arteries, orthopnea, feeling of suffocating, pulmonary edema, chest pain, rapid, fluttering HR, difficulty walking short distances. Loud Harsh systolic murmur may be heard at the aortic valve (right 2nd ICS) and may radiate to carotid arteries and apex of the left ventricle. Often need to sleep sitting up. ,

Valve disorders

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