evolution - The change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations., natural selection - process that results in the adaptation of an organism to its environment by means of selectively reproducing changes in its genotype, ..., adaptations  - Any heritable trait that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive and reproduce in its environment., Fitness - the ability to survive to reproductive age, find a mate, and produce offspring, genetic variation  - describe the variation in the DNA sequence in each of our genomes, selective pressure  - external agents which affect an organism's ability to survive in a given environment., Artificial selection - the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations., convergent evolution  - the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time, analogous structure  - features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature, Divergent Evolution - occurs when a population of animals or plants is split into two groups by a geographic barrier, genetic drift  - The change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance., migration/gene flow - is any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another., Homologous Structures - those from organisms that share a common ancestor., Vestigial Structures - A feature that a species inherited from an ancestor but that is now less elaborate and functional than in the ancestor., Phylogenetic tree - a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor., Derived character - a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants., Reproductive isolation - the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, ..., Habitat isolation - occurs when habitat preferences lower the probability of mating between individuals associated with differing habitats., temporal isolation - occurs when two populations differ in their periods of activity or reproductive cycles., Behavioral isolation - occurs when mismatches in mating traits (signals and/or preferences) prevent mating between two species/populations., Mechanical isolation - a physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms, Gametic isolation - a type of prezygotic barrier where the gametes (egg and sperm) come into contact, but no fertilization takes place., Hybrid inviability - a post-zygotic barrier, which reduces a hybrid's capacity to mature into a healthy, fit adult, Hybrid sterility - refers to the offspring of a successful primary cross, however the secondary cross would fail., Hybrid breakdown - a type of reproductive failure that appears after the F2 generation of crosses between different species or subspecies., Allopatric speciation - occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another., Sympatric speciation - the splitting of an ancestral species into two or more reproductively isolated groups without geographical isolation of those groups, Punctuated equilibrium - heory that proposes that once a species appears in the fossil record, the population will become stable, showing little evolutionary change for most of its geological history., Gradualism - a pattern of sustained, directional, and incremental evolutionary change over a long period during the history of a species., Adaptive radiation - evolution of an animal or plant group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life,

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