Bill Of Attainder Clause (A1, S9, C3) - Congress cannot pass a law that singles out a person for punishment without trial, Commerce Clause (A1, S8, C3) - To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Native American tribes, Contracts Clause (A1, S10, C1) - No state can interfere with the execution of contracts, Due Process Clause (5th Amendment) - "No person shall ... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law", Due Process Clause (14th Amendment) - "nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law", Elastic Clause (A1, S8, C18) - Congress can exercise powers not specifically stated in the Constitution if those powers are "necessary and proper" for carrying out its expressed powers that ARE specifically stated, Equal Protection Clause (14th Amendment) - ...nor shall anyStates cannot unreasonably discriminate against individuals. They must treat people "equally", Establishment Clause (1st Amendment) - Congress cannot establish an "official" religion. This, in effect, provides for separation of church and state, Ex Post Facto Clause (A1, S9, C3) - Congress cannot pass a law that punishes a person retroactively, i.e., after the fact. in other words, a person cannot be punished for something he or she did that was not a crime at the time it was committed, Free Exercise Clause (1st Amendment) - Congress cannot pass laws that ban freedom of religion, Privileges And Immunities Clause (A4, S2, C1) - Citizens have the same basic rights no matter which state they reside in or travel to, Reserved Power Clause (10th Amendment) - Any power that is not granted to the national government, or denied to the states, automatically belongs to the states, Search And Seizure Clause (4th Amendment) - Protection against unreasonable search and seizure. The authorities do not have a general power to search and arrest individuals at any time, at any place, and in any manner, rather, they can only do so according to specified procedures that must be "reasonable", Supremacy Clause (A6, C2) - Federal law is supreme over state law, Takings Clause (5th Amendment) - The government can take private property for a public purpose, but it must provide fair compensation to the owners of that property (Also known as eminent domain),

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