Scientific Changes: Scientists used experimentation and observation to solve earthly problems, Galileo & da Vinci emphasized direct observation, paving the way for modern science and mathematics, Renaissance thinkers began to experiment and use mathematics and logic to analyze the world, Cultural Changes: Artists used shading to give figures and objects depth to make them look 3D, Renaissance writers were interested in individual experiences in the real world, Renaissance painters used perspective to create the appearance of depth, Writers wrote about secular (non-religious) topics and in their vernacular (own language), Renaissance sculptors were influenced by humanists interest in realism, Social Changes: The printing press increased literacy challenging the power of the wealthy, nobility, and the church, Wealthy families (patrons) sponsored artists to beautify the city-state, Merchants made use of their knowledge of international markets and trade goods to expand their operation into the banking industry, Niccolo Machiavelli’s book The Prince advised rulers to make their states strong by doing what works best rather than by doing what is moral,

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