Mercantilism - Economic theory that rejected free trade. It promoted government regulation to enhance state power and was the policy of European colonizing countries., Three main motives for European exploration and colonization - God, gold, and glory, Overall impact of the Columbian Exchange - Both positive and negative effects on environment, health, and cultural shifts due to the contact between the Old and New Worlds., Disease consequences of the Columbian Exchange - Europeans brought diseases like chickenpox, measles, mumps, and smallpox, devastating native populations. Syphilis traveled from the New World to Europe., Animals Columbus introduced to the New World - Pigs, cows, chickens, and horses. Native Americans transformed their practices using horses., Chocolate's origin and significance - Made from cacao seeds, used by the Aztecs as currency. Consumed as a drink in rituals like marriages., Tobacco in Europe post-1492 - Initially stigmatized but later adopted due to its perceived medicinal properties. Became the first truly global commodity, Significance of Sugar in the Colonial Era - As significant as oil is today. Led to the establishment of sugar plantations and fueled the enslavement of Africans for labor, Key principles of Colonial Mercantilism - Colonies rich in raw materials. Cheap Labor. Loyalty to home governemnt. Control of shipping trade. Colonies sent raw materials to Europe and received finished goods., Columbian Exchange - The process by which commodities, people, and diseases crossed the Atlantic between the New World and the Old World., Commodities Columbus introduced to the Old World - Sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes., Religious motivations origin - Traced back to the Crusades, where European Christians sought to claim Jerusalem and fought against Muslims to dominate the Holy Lands., The Crusades' effect on religious ideology - Provided the ideology for the Reconquista, inspiring Atlantic colonization and promoting religious intolerance and conquest., Economic outcome of the Crusades - Increased maritime trade between the East and West, introducing Europeans to silk, spices, and porcelain, increasing their demand., The Silk Road - Trade routes between Europe and Asia. It was expensive and risky due to Muslim middlemen and potential ambushes., The goal of explorers in seeking the Spice Islands - To find new trade routes, eliminate Muslim middlemen, and access the wealth of the secretively located Spice Islands., Portuguese influence on the African slave trade - Introduced to the slave trade in West Africa, they started trading enslaved people for sugar plantations, using places like Elmina Castle as holding pens., Competition between Portugal and Spain in colonization - Driven by the Portuguese's Atlantic expansion, Spain began its own colonization project with Christopher Columbus in 1492, intensifying European expansion.,

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