Model  - An abstract theory of second language ability, Framework - A set of skills from a model chosen for a test context, Standard - A performance benchmark, often tied to cut scores, that indicates mastery of tasks, Criterion - The specific knowledge or performance standard used to judge test takers’ achievement, Rating scales - Descriptors used to score test performances, Performance level descriptors - Labels that report proficiency levels (e.g., A2, B1, B2) and are used by policymakers to set standards, Impact - The effects of tests on education systems and society (macro-level), Washback - The effects of a test on classroom teaching and learning (micro-level), Construct under-representation - A test that is too narrow and leaves out key parts of the ability it should measure., Construct irrelevant variances - When test scores are affected by factors unrelated to the construct (e.g., gender, lateness)., Fairness - Consistent, transparent, and respects diversity; what is “fair” may differ by context.,

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