802.1D, Spanning Tree Protocol, to prevent loops in bridged (switched) networks, Blocking, Not forwarding to prevent a loop, Listening, Not forwarding and cleaning the MAC table, Learning, Not forwarding and adding to the MAC table, Forwarding, Data passes through and is fully operational, 802.1w, Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol- Faster convergence, Backwards-compatible.

2.3 - Spanning Tree Protocol

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