Fasting specimen - taken when the patient has not had anything to eat or drink for 8 hours, Diurnal variation - the normal daily fluctuations in body chemistry related to hormonal cycles, sleep-wake cycles, and other patterns of change, Therapeutic drug monitoring - to maintain constant therapeutic plasma drug levels and ensure that the drug does not reach toxic levels, a patient may require timed specimens to measure the levels of the medication,  Half-life - the time for half of the drug to be metabolized , Trough level - the lowest serum level and occurs immediately before administration of the next dose of medication, Peak level - highest serum level and occurs sometime after the dose is given; exactly when depends on the characteristics of the drug, the patient's own metabolism, and the method of administration, Hyperglycemia - high blood glucose, Hypoglycemia - abnormally low blood glucose, OGTT - oral glucose tolerance test; tests for both diabetes and other disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, Gestatational diabetes - a form of insulin-resistant diabetes that develops in almost 20% of women late in pregnancy, LTT - lactose tolerance test; determines whether that lactose-digesting enzyme lactase is present in the gut, Blood culture - ordered to detect the presence of microorganisms in the bloof=d, Bacteremia - refers specifically to the presence of bacteria in the blood, Septicemia - a life-threatening infection caused by rapid multiplication of pathogens in the bloodstream , Anaerobic bacteria - cannot tolerate oxygen, Aerobic bacteria - use/need oxygen, Therapeutic phlebotomy - removal of blood from a patient's system as part of treatment for a disorder (such as polycythemia), Polycythemia - a disease characterized by excessive production of red blood cells, Hereditary hemochromatosis - excess of iron in the blood, Cold agglutinins - antibodies often formed in response to infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (atypical pneumonia),

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